Discrimination and Hate Crimes against the Trans Community Sarah Ellen Pettigrew

Special Thanks to… CM Hall (Thesis Advisor) Gavin Keulks (Honors Advisor) WOU Triangle Alliance WOU SafeZone

Violent hate crime and recognition in law ABSTRACT An examination of the discrimination and hate crimes faced by trans people in the following categories: Employment Restrooms Healthcare Violent hate crime and recognition in law As well as a discussion about the negative outcomes of discrimination and hate crime for the lives of trans individuals

Personal Connection CeCe McDonald WOU SafeZone WOU Triangle Alliance Pulse nightclub, Orlando

Employment Discrimination 30 states do not have laws protecting transgender employees As a result of employment discrimination, trans people live in extreme poverty nearly four times that of the general cisgender population 71% of transgender people would rather hide their gender identity and even postpone gender-affirming surgery in order to avoid workplace harassment and discrimination Employment Discrimination

Employment Non-Discrimination Act “It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer— (1) to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise discriminate against any individual with respect to the compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment of the individual, because of such individual’s actual or perceived sexual orientation or gender identity; or (2) to limit, segregate, or classify the employees or applicants for employment of the employer in any way that would deprive or tend to deprive any individual of employment or otherwise adversely affect the status of the individual as an employee, because of such individual’s actual or perceived sexual orientation or gender identity.” (S. 815, 2013)

Access to Restrooms North Carolina’s HB2 Attorney General Loretta Lynch and the US Justice Department The Target Corporation Access to Restrooms

Statistics for Trans People Using Public Restrooms 9% of trans people reported being physical assaulted and 68% reported verbal assault in public restrooms 54% of trans people “reported having some sort of physical problem from trying to avoid using public bathrooms, all of whom reported that they “held it” to avoid public restrooms”

Healthcare Discrimination 32% of respondents to a survey stated lack of “access to a provider knowledgeable about transgender health issues” as a barrier to healthcare A study showed that only 10% of nursing students had a basic level of knowledge in terms of the LGBTQ community Medicaid banned gender- affirming surgeries for thirty- three years. The Obama Administration recently lifted this ban in 2014 Healthcare Discrimination

Lack of provider-patient understanding The majority (95%) of endocrinologists were unable to identify the type of estrogen therapy associated with serious health issues. Endocrinologists rated their knowledge of trans care as “a little”

Violent Hate Crimes and Recognition in Law Listing sex on documentation Marriage equality affecting trans people Transphobia Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 1999 Hate Crime Statistics 2013 TDOR Violent Hate Crimes and Recognition in Law

Women in Men’s Prisons Cece McDonald Prison Rape Elimination Act Of 2003 16% Of Former Offenders Responded That They Had Been Physically Assaulted In Jail Or Prison And 15% Reported That They Had Been Sexually Assaulted

Next Steps Inclusive sex and gender education Pass non-discrimination legislation i.e. ENDA Overturn trans-exclusive or discriminatory laws i.e North Carolina’s HB2 Provide equal employment opportunities for trans workers Access to gender-affirming facilities Access to trans-inclusive healthcare

“Each and every one of us has the capacity to be an oppressor “Each and every one of us has the capacity to be an oppressor. I want to encourage each and everyone of us to interrogate how we might be an oppressor and how we might be able to become liberators for ourselves and for each other.” ~Laverne Cox

Citations Cha, A. E. (2014). Ban lifted on Medicare coverage for sex change surgery. Retrieved June 06, 2016, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/ban-lifted-on-medicare-coverage-for-sex-change-surgery/2014/05/30/28bcd122-e818-11e3-a86b-362fd5443d19_story.html Equality Maps. (n.d.) Retrieved July 13, 2016, from http://www.lgbtmap.org/equality-maps Employment discrimination and transgender people. (2014). National Center for transgender Equality.   Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 2013, S. 815, 113th Cong. (2013-2014). Grant, J. M., Mottet, L.A., Tanis, J.,Harrison, J., Herman, J. L., & Keisling, M. (2011). Injustice at every turn: A report of the national transgender discrimination survey. Washington: National Center for transgender Equality and National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. Herman, J. L. (2013). Gendered Restrooms and Minority Stress: The Public Regulation of Gender and its Impact on Transgender People’s Lives. Journal of Public Management & Social Policy, 65-80. Irwig, M. S. (2016). Transgender Care By Endocrinologists In The United States. Endocrine Practice. Rondahl, G. (2009). Students' Inadequate Knowledge about Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Persons. International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship, 6(1). Sanchez, N. F., Sanchez, J. P., & Danoff, A. (2009). Health Care Utilization, Barriers to Care, and Hormone Usage Among Male-to-Female Transgender Persons in New York City. Am J Public Health American Journal of Public Health, 99(4), 713-719.