The American Revolution Section 4 The American Revolution Enlightenment ideas help spur the American colonies to shed British rule and create a new nation. NEXT

The American Revolution SECTION 4 The American Revolution Britain and Its American Colonies The American Colonies Grow • American colonies grow large and populous during 1600s, 1700s (E. Coast of N. America) -1700 pop. = 250k 1770 pop. = 2.15 million • Colonies thrive economically through trade with Europe - Britain’s Navigation Act starts to restrict trade (1651) i. Colonies may only sell to Britain ii. Colonies pay high tax on French or Dutch goods -rules favor the economy of ? _______ - other trade laws add restrictions, taxes • Colonists identify less and less as British subjects and more as citizens of their colony NEXT

"No taxation without representation" SECTION 4 Americans Win Independence British–Colonial Tensions Arise • Britain & Colonies fight war against “French and Indians” in 1754-1763 (get French land in N America) • Britain taxes colonists (Stamp Act) to help pay war debts and for future costs of their defense -wills, deeds, newspapers, etc. -Colonists mad over 1st direct tax paid to British Gov. • Colonists argue that British cannot tax them without their consent (no members in Parliament) - idea from?______________ "No taxation without representation" Continued . . . NEXT

Growing Hostility Leads to War SECTION 4 continued Americans Win Independence Growing Hostility Leads to War • “Boston Tea Party” (1773) dump tea into Boston Harbor to protest tea tax -George III closes entire port • Colonists meet in Philadelphia to address British policies (1774) “First Continental Congress” and decide to protest -protests ignored by King George III • British and Americans exchange fire at Lexington and Concord in April 19, 1775 • Colonists meet at “Second Continental Congress” -vote to raise army under command of G. Washington -Issue Declaration of Independence from Britain Image

The Influence of the Enlightenment SECTION 4 continued Americans Win Independence The Influence of the Enlightenment • Colonial leaders push for indep., rely on Enlightenment ideas (natural rights, self-government) • Declaration of Independence —document justifying colonial rebellion • Leader Thomas Jefferson writes Declaration, uses ideas of Locke Image British Advantages 1. Professional, well-equipped, well-trained, army and Navy (the best in the world?) - control seas and ports 2. Much more wealth to fight war 3. Occupy most major cities in Colonies 4. ~1/3 of Colonists loyal to Britain (“loyalists”) 5. Win most all early battles NEXT

Advantages & Success for the Colonists SECTION 4 continued Americans Win Independence Advantages & Success for the Colonists 1. Motivation much stronger, • Colonists fighting for: -Freedom -Homes/Families -lives • British fighting for: -land 3,000 miles away -Money 2. Control Countryside 3. Home-field advantage (familiar with geography and British are not) 4. French assistance (money, troops, Navy) 5. war’s expense for Britain, citizens tired of tax 6. British Generals overconfidence -Tactical Mistakes 7. Difficult for British to get reinforcements and supplies due to distance across Atlantic • British surrender at Yorktown in 1781 after being surrounded by G. Washington; colonists win the war

Americans Create a Republic SECTION 4 Americans Create a Republic A Weak National Government • Articles of Confederation set gov. plan for new republic • Articles create legislature only, no executive or judicial branches • Result is weak national gov. that fails to provide unity and order (can’t tax or print money) A New Constitution • Leaders call Constitutional Convention in 1787 to revise articles • Group instead creates a new gov. under US Constitution • contains many political ideas of the Enlightenment (sep. of powers, checks & balances, natural rights) • creates 3 branches of gov. (executive, legislative, judicial) • reflects idea of popular sovereignty- gov. has power from the people, and is created by agreement of people Continued . . . NEXT

• Provides checks and balances —ensures branches share power equally SECTION 4 continued Americans Create a Republic The Federal System • Provides checks and balances —ensures branches share power equally • Promotes federal system —power divided between nation and states (or Local v. National) The Bill of Rights • Some fear too much national power, few protections of rights • Leaders win support for Constitution by adding a Bill of Rights - ten amendments to Constitution that protect freedoms Legacy –US Constitution becomes 1st modern democracy and model for many other democratic constitution in world NEXT

1. Freedoms of: speech, religion, press, assembly (idea of________?) SECTION 4 continued Americans Create a Republic 1. Freedoms of: speech, religion, press, assembly (idea of________?) 2. Bear arms (have a firearm) 3. No troops in homes in peacetime 4. No unreasonable search or seizure 5. Gov. can not take life, liberty, property (◄ideas of ______) without due process of law (◄ idea originally from _________?), no self incrimination 6. Speedy, public trial by jury 7. Use of common law 8. No cruel or unusual punishment 9. Rights are not restricted to those listed 1-8 10. Powers not given to National Gov. or restricted by constitution belong to states (what system________?)