CompTIA Server+ Certification (Exam SK0-004)

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Presentation transcript:

CompTIA Server+ Certification (Exam SK0-004) 2.2 Internet Protocol

Configure appropriate settings for an IP host Describe the properties and characteristics of Internet Protocol (IP) addressing Configure appropriate settings for an IP host Troubleshoot IP configuration issues using command-line tools The number in the bottom right corner of the slides refers back to the page where this topic starts in the course book. 2.2 Internet Protocol

The TCP/IP Suite IP (Internet Protocol) ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) UDP (User Datagram Protocol) Application protocols 2.2 Internet Protocol

IPv4 Address Format IP address represents 32-bit binary value The network number (network ID) - this number is common to all hosts on the same network The host number (host ID) - this unique number identifies a host on a particular network 32-bit binary value 11000110001010010001000000001001 Expressed in 8-bit octets 11000110  00101001  00010000  00001001 Converted to dotted decimal notation for entry into configuration dialogs 198.41.16.9 2.2 Internet Protocol

Binary / Decimal Conversion Number bases Place value Base 10 (Decimal) Base 2 (Binary) Converting between binary and decimal 2.2 Internet Protocol

Subnet Masks IP address represents both a network ID and host ID A mask is applied to identify the network and host portions A “1” in the mask means corresponding bit in the address is part of the network ID “1”s in mask must be contiguous 11111111 11110000 00000000 00000000 – VALID 11111111 00000000 11110000 00000000 - INVALID 2.2 Internet Protocol

Masking an IP Address (ANDing) To work out a network ID, given an address and mask in decimal, convert to binary and back 2.2 Internet Protocol

Routing Decision Local network Remote network 2.2 Internet Protocol

IP Class 2.2 Internet Protocol

Configuring IP IP Address Subnet Mask Default Gateway Enter using dotted decimal notation Subnet Mask Usually specified in dotted decimal Default Gateway IP address of the router handling transmissions to remote networks Client-side DNS (Domain Name System) IP address(es) of DNS servers handling name resolution Client-side WINS (Windows Internet Name Service) 2.2 Internet Protocol

DHCP and APIPA Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Reduces chance of configuration errors and simplifies administration Configure IP settings on a central server Client contacts server to obtain configuration IP addresses leased from a pool Critical network infrastructure usually uses static addressing however (to reduce risks from DHCP service failure / compromise) Automatic IP Addressing (APIPA) Host that is configured to contact a DHCP server might not be able to Defaults to using an address from the APIPA range Can communicate with other APIPA hosts on the local network 2.2 Internet Protocol

Public and Private Addressing Address ranges not routable over the Internet 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255 Used by hosts for link-local autoconfiguration / Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) Hosts on the private network must use some mechanism to access the Internet Network Address Translation (NAT) Proxy 2.2 Internet Protocol

Classless Addressing Classful addressing not sustainable Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR) Netmask does not have to align on an octet boundary Routing decisions made on basis of network prefix, representing number of bits in mask (e.g. /21) Some configuration dialogs might require CIDR notation rather than dotted decimal mask (e.g. firewall rule configuration) 2.2 Internet Protocol

Planning an IPv4 Addressing Scheme (1) Consider Whether you need a public or private addressing scheme How many networks you need How many subnetworks you need How many hosts per subnet Addressing Rules Network ID cannot be 127 Network and / or host IDs cannot be all 255 (all 1s in binary) Network and / or host ID cannot be 0 (all zeros in binary) Host ID must be unique in the subnet Network ID must be unique On the Internet (if using a public addressing scheme) On your internal system of networks (if using a private addressing scheme) 2.2 Internet Protocol

Planning an IPv4 Addressing Scheme (2) Work out how many subnets are needed Must be a power of 2 Exponent (the value of “n” in 2n) is the number of bits to add to the default network prefix Check that subnets allow for sufficient hosts (2n-2 where “n” is number of host bits) Work out the subnets - deduct the least significant octet in the mask from 256 Work out the next subnet ID - the lowest subnet value higher Work out the host ranges for each subnet Take the subnet address and add a binary 1 to it for the first host Take the next subnet ID and deduct two binary digits from it 2.2 Internet Protocol

ipconfig Windows utility reporting IP configuration ipconfig /all ipconfig /release AdapterName ipconfig /renew AdapterName ipconfig /displaydns ipconfig /flushdns Identify static configuration Look for APIPA address / limited connectivity icon 2.2 Internet Protocol

ifconfig Linux utility for reporting and modifying IP configuration Can be used to change configuration (though changes lost at next boot) and bring adapter up or down Does not support DHCP or DNS switches Does not show default gateway (use route) 2.2 Internet Protocol

ping ping IPAddress ping HostName Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Standard tests Ping the loopback address (ping 127.0.0.1) Ping the host’s IP address Ping the IP address of the default gateway Ping the IP address of a remote host 2.2 Internet Protocol

Interpreting ping Output Reply from, round trip time and packet loss Detect whether a link is slow or experiences packet loss Use tracert to identify where on the route there is a problem Destination unreachable No route to host Check IP configuration Check router (default gateway) No reply / timed out Host / interface is down Host cannot route reply Firewall 2.2 Internet Protocol

Troubleshooting Connectivity Issues Verify configuration (ipconfig / ifconfig) Check DHCP Test connectivity with ping Loopback Workstation address Default gateway (or other local host) 2.2 Internet Protocol

IP Version 6 IPv4 address shortage IPv6 / IPng Very slow transition! 32-bit address space Inefficiently allocated Complex routing tables IPv6 / IPng 128-bit address space Cope with mobile / “Internet of Things” growth Hierarchical address allocation (simpler routing) Very slow transition! 2.2 Internet Protocol

Hexadecimal Numbering Base 10 (decimal) - 0-9 and place value powers of 10 Base 2 (binary) - 0 or 1 and place value powers of 2 Base 16 (hex) - up to 16 values represented by 0-9 and A, B, C, D, E, F 1 hex digit can represent 4 binary digits (a “nibble”) 2 hex digits can represent 1 octet (byte / 8 bits) 4 hex digits can represent 1 double-byte (16 bits) 2.2 Internet Protocol

IPv6 Address Notation 128-bit binary address = lots of typing! 0010 0000 0000 0001 0000 1101 1011 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1010 1011 1100 0000 0000 0000 0000 1101 1110 1111 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 Hex notation Each hex digit represents 4 binary digits Hex digits are arranged in 8 x 16-bit (double byte) blocks separated by colons 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0abc:0000:def0:1234 Zero compression Can omit leading zeroes Can compress one sequence of “all zero” double bytes 2001:db8::abc:0:def0:1234 2.2 Internet Protocol

IPv6 Addressing Schemes In IPv6, host bits are fixed Network prefix (64-bit) Host ID (64-bit) Global 001 binary prefix (2 or 3 in hex) Next 45 bits allocated to registries and ISPs Following 16 bits for subnetting 64 bits for interface MAC-derived / EUI-64 Pseudo-random token Link-local 1111111010 binary prefix (or fe80 in hex) Not routable Communicate with same subnet (neighbors) All interfaces have link-local addresses 2.2 Internet Protocol

IPv4 versus IPv6 Misconfiguration Incorrect address or network prefix Networks running both IPv4 and IPv6 Which protocol is in use for a given connection Whether IPv4 or IPv6 are enable or disabled on particular hosts? 2.2 Internet Protocol

Configure appropriate settings for an IP host Describe the properties and characteristics of Internet Protocol (IP) addressing Configure appropriate settings for an IP host Troubleshoot IP configuration issues using command-line tools What is meant by dotted decimal notation? An IP address is a 32-bit number expressed as four octets (bytes). A byte can be expressed as the decimal values 0 - 255 and these are used to represent the IP address, with dots between each decimal number. This scheme is easier for people to read than a binary number and reduces configuration errors. If a host is configured with the subnet mask 255.255.255.0, what address class could that be related to? Class C. Note that this is an informal designation and does not mean a classful addressing scheme is in place. A host is configured with the IP address 172.29.0.101. What is significant about this address? It is a private address and cannot be reached directly over the Internet. The host must use a router with address translation or a proxy service to communicate on the Internet. True or false? The default gateway address is the IP address of a router on a remote network. False - the router must be on the local network for the host to be able to reach it. It is the router's job to send packets on to remote networks. What is the purpose of a DHCP server? Automatically allocates a TCP/IP configuration (IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS servers) to hosts when they join the network. True or false? Classful addressing is a feature of IP version 6. False. You have restarted the DHCP server following a network problem. What command would you use to refresh the IP configuration on client workstations? ipconfig /renew "Local Area Connection" What command can you use on a Linux computer to report the IP configuration? ifconfig. A single server on a network cannot connect to the Internet. Where would you start troubleshooting? You could test the server's IP configuration, specifically the default gateway or name resolution or you could check that the cable is good. If a host has a firewall configured to block outgoing ICMP traffic, what result would you expect from pinging the host (assuming that the path to the host is otherwise OK)? A failure message (typically "General failure" or "Destination unreachable"). 2.2 Internet Protocol

Lab 4 / Configuring Network Settings 2.2 Internet Protocol