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1 26-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Addressing the network IPv4 CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Chapter 6.

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Presentation on theme: "1 26-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Addressing the network IPv4 CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Chapter 6."— Presentation transcript:

1 1 26-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Addressing the network IPv4 CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Chapter 6

2 226-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 IP addressing – works at OSI model layer 3 TCP/IP model Internet layer Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical Application Transport Internet Network Access TCP, UDP IP Ethernet, WAN technologies HTTP, FTP, TFTP, SMTP etc Segment Packet Frame Bits Data stream

3 326-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Addressing topics Binary and decimal Types of IP addresses Assigning addresses Network part and subnet masks Calculating addresses Ping and Traceroute Utilities

4 426-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Binary and decimal Convert to 8-bit binary 248 187 89 Convert to decimal 00110100 01010101 11001111

5 526-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 248 to binary 1286432168421 11111000 248 -128 120 24 -16 8 56 -32 24 120 -64 56

6 626-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 187 to binary 1286432168421 10111011 187 -128 59 27 -16 11 11 -8 3 59 -32 27 3 -2 1

7 726-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 89 to binary 1286432168421 01011001 89 -64 25 25 -16 9 9 -8 1

8 826-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 00110100 to decimal 1286432168421 00110100 32164 32 +16 + 4 52 52

9 926-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 01010101 to decimal 1286432168421 01010101 641641 64 +16 + 4 + 1 85 85

10 1026-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 11001111 to decimal 1286432168421 11001111 128648421 128 + 64 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 207 207

11 1126-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Binary and decimal Convert to 8-bit binary 24811111000 18710111011 8901011001 Convert to decimal 0011010052 0101010185 11001111207

12 1226-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 IPv4 address 192.168.21.17 11000000101010000001010100010001 octet network parthost part 255. 0 11111111 00000000 Prefix /24 Subnet mask:

13 1326-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Find the network address 192.168.21.17 11000000101010000001010100010001 In a network address, all the host bits are 0. 192.168.21.0 11000000101010000001010100000000 The router needs to do this for every packet.

14 1426-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Logical AND 192.168.21.17 11000000101010000001010100010001 255. 0 11111111 00000000 Do a logical AND at each position 192.168.21.0 11000000101010000001010100000000

15 1526-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Find the broadcast address 192.168.21.17 11000000101010000001010100010001 In a broadcast address, all the host bits are 1. 192.168.21.255 11000000101010000001010111111111 The broadcast is the last address in the network.

16 1626-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 3 types of address Every network has: Network address – the first one Broadcast address – the last one Host addresses – everything in between

17 1726-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Classful addressing 10.17.53.60 network parthost part A 172.16.38.201 network parthost part B 192.168.21.17 network parthost part C

18 1826-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Classful addressing Easy to work out but very wasteful. Routers and hosts still assume class subnet masks by default Class A/8255.0.0.0 Class B/16255.255.0.0 Class C/24255.255.255.0

19 1926-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Classless addressing Any suitable prefix can be used We (and devices) need to know what the prefix is. More flexible, less wasteful.

20 2026-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Classless addressing /16 172.16.0.0/16 mask 255.255.0.0 Broadcast address 172.16.255.255 Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.255.254 65534 host addresses 172.16.0.0 101011000001000000000000

21 2126-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Classless addressing /24 172.16.0.0/24 mask 255.255.255.0 Broadcast address 172.16.0.255 Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.254 254 host addresses 172.16.0.0 101011000001000000000000

22 2226-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Classless addressing /22 172.16.0.0/22 mask 255.255.252.0 Broadcast address 172.16.3.255 Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.3.254 1022 host addresses 172.16.0.0 101011000001000000000000

23 2326-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Classless addressing /26 172.16.0.0/22 mask 255.255.255.192 Broadcast address 172.16.0.63 Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.62 62 host addresses 172.16.0.0 101011000001000000000000

24 2426-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Classless addressing /28 172.16.0.0/28 mask 255.255.255.240 Broadcast address 172.16.0.15 Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.14 14 host addresses 172.16.0.0 101011000001000000000000

25 2526-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Calculating addresses A host has IP address 192.168.1.70/24 What is the subnet mask? What is the network address? What is the broadcast address? What is the range of host addresses in the network?

26 2626-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 192.168.1.70/24 – fill in the table Last octet binary Last octet decimal Full Host Subnet mask Network Broadcast First host Last host

27 2726-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 192.168.1.70/24 Last octet binary Last octet decimal Full Host0100011070192.168.1.70 Subnet mask000000000255.255.255.0 Network000000000192.168.1.0 Broadcast11111111255192.168.1.255 First host000000011192.168.1.1 Last host11111110254192.168.1.254

28 2826-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Calculating addresses A host has IP address 192.168.1.70/26 What is the subnet mask? What is the network address? What is the broadcast address? What is the range of host addresses in the network?

29 2926-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 192.168.1.70/26 fill in the table Last octet binary Last octet decimal Full Host Subnet mask Network Broadcast First host Last host

30 3026-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 192.168.1.70/26 Last octet binary Last octet decimal Full Host0100011070192.168.1.70 Subnet mask11000000192255.255.255.192 Network0100000064192.168.1.64 Broadcast01111111127192.168.1.127 First host0100000165192.168.1.65 Last host01111110126192.168.1.126

31 3126-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Calculating addresses A host has IP address 192.168.1.70/28 What is the subnet mask? What is the network address? What is the broadcast address? What is the range of host addresses in the network?

32 3226-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 192.168.1.70/28 fill in the table Last octet binary Last octet decimal Full Host Subnet mask Network Broadcast First host Last host

33 3326-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 192.168.1.70/28 Last octet binary Last octet decimal Full Host0100011070192.168.1.70 Subnet mask11110000240255.255.255.240 Network0100000064192.168.1.64 Broadcast0100111179192.168.1.79 First host0100000165192.168.1.65 Last host0100111078192.168.1.78

34 3426-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Unicast, Multicast, Broadcast Unicast – a message addressed to one host Broadcast – a message addressed to all hosts on a network. Uses network’s broadcast address or 255.255.255.255 locally Multicast – a message addressed to a group of hosts. Uses an address starting 224 - 239

35 3526-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Private IP addresses Unrestricted use on private networks. Not routed across the Internet. 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0/8) 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0/20) 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0/24)

36 3626-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Public IP addresses Routed over the Internet Master holder is IANA Assigned to regional registries and then to ISPs ISPs allocate them to organisations and individual users Use is strictly controlled as duplicate addresses are not allowed

37 3726-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Special addresses 0.0.0.0 “all addresses” in default route. Hosts cannot be given addresses starting 0. 127.0.0.1 is loopback. Hosts cannot be given addresses starting 127. 240.0.0.0 and higher – reserved for experimental purposes. 169.254.0.0 - 169.254.255.255 local only 192.0.2.0 to 192.0.2.255 for teaching

38 3826-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Network address translation A large number of hosts on a network use private addresses to communicate with each other. The ISP allocates one or a few public addresses. NAT allows the hosts to share the public addresses when they want to use the Internet

39 3926-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Addressing hosts Static addressing – address is configured by an administrator Servers, printers, routers, switches need static addresses Dynamic addressing – address is allocated automatically by DHCP by leasing addresses from a pool Dynamic addressing is best for workstations

40 4026-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Blocks of addresses UseAddress rangeSummary Network address192.168.1.0192.168.1.0/25 User hosts192.168.1.1-127 Servers192.168.1.128 - 191192.168.1.128/26 Peripherals192.168.1.192 - 223192.168.1.192/27 Network devices192.168.1.224 - 253192.168.1.224/27 Router192.168.1.254 Broadcast192.168.1.255

41 4126-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24 Address192.168.1.000000000 Subnet mask255.255.255.000000000 Last octet binary Borrow 1 bit from host part, give it to network part, /25 Addresses192.168.1.0 192.168.1.128 00000000 10000000 Subnet mask255.255.255.12810000000

42 4226-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24 Borrow 2 bits from host part, give to network part, /26 Addresses192.168.1.0 192.168.1.64 192.168.1.128 192.168.1.192 00000000 01000000 10000000 11000000 Subnet mask255.255.255.19211000000

43 4326-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24 Borrow 3 bits from host part, give to network part, /27 Addresses192.168.1.0 192.168.1.32 192.168.1.64 192.168.1.96 192.168.1.128 192.168.1.160 192.168.1.192 192.168.1.224 00000000 00100000 01000000 01100000 10000000 10100000 11000000 11100000 Subnet mask255.255.255.22411100000

44 4426-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24 Borrow 4 bits from host part, give to network part, /28 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.16 192.168.1.32 192.168.1.48 192.168.1.64 192.168.1.80 192.168.1.96 192.168.1.112 192.168.1.128 192.168.1.144 192.168.1.160 192.168.1.176 192.168.1.192 192.168.1.208 192.168.1.224 192.168.1.240 00000000 00010000 00100000 00110000 01000000 01010000 01100000 01110000 10000000 10010000 10100000 10110000 11000000 11010000 11100000 11110000 Subnet mask 255.255.255.240 11110000 And so on…

45 4526-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24 Every time you borrow another bit you: Double the number of subnets Halve the size of the subnets Each subnet has a network address, a broadcast address, and everything in between is a host address. Here are some ways of visualising the process.

46 4626-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24 Bits borrowed123456 No of networks248163264 Prefix/25/26/27/28/29/30 Bit value/ network size 12864321684 No of hosts12662301462 Subnet mask128192224240248252

47 4726-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Address space Make a spreadsheet or table with numbers 0 to 255 Link to show table

48 4826-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Subnet chart

49 4926-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Subnetting There are many subnet calculators, but you will not be able to use them in exams. Start with the biggest subnet and work down to the smallest. Make sure the subnets are valid sizes with valid subnet masks. Make sure that there are no overlaps.

50 5026-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Ping and traceroute Ping sends an ICMP message. If all is well, the destination replies. If not, a router may reply to say the destination is unreachable, or the ping may time out. Traceroute sends a series of messages so that each router along the path replies. You get a list of addresses of all the routers.

51 5126-Aug-15S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 IPv6 Development started in 1990s because of concerns about IPv4 addresses running out A whole new protocol suite – not just layer 3 Uses 128-bit hierarchical addressing, written using hexadecimal Simpler header Integrated security – authentication, privacy Quality of service mechanisms

52 52 26-Aug-15 S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1 The End

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