1. Network Addressing

2. Exam Objective: Explain the properties and characteristics of TCP/IP
Objectives
Exam Objective: Explain the properties and characteristics of TCP/IP
Exam Objective: Explain common TCP and UDP ports, protocols, and their purpose

3. What is a computer network address? Pm video 5:33
A network address serves as a unique identifier for a computer on a network
When set up correctly, computers can determine the address of other computers on the network and use these to send messages to each other
One of the best known forms of network addressing is the IP address
Another form of addressing is the MAC address

4. MAC Address vs IP Address
A MAC address is embedded at the factory and is used to uniquely identify a network adapter
MAC addresses are required for networking to work
Many network adapters allow you to override the MAC address, but even so it still identifies your computer on the local network
A MAC address is kind of like the color, size and shape of your physical mail box
IP addresses are assigned manually or by software and are used to uniquely identify a network device on a network
IP addresses are also required for networking to work
The network has to know what computer to send data to
An IP Address is kind of like your postal address

5. IP Address
MAC Address

6. Static Address vs Dynamic Address
A Static IP address is one that is manually and permanently assigned to a computer or device
A Dynamic IP address is assigned by a server each time a device (or client) connects to the network
A DHCP (dynamic host configuration protocol) server assigns addresses to a DHCP client that is requesting an address

7. Ipv4 vs ipv6 pm video 11:55 An IP address can have 32 or 128 bits
Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) uses a 32-bit address to identify a network connection
IPv4 provides over 4 billion unique addresses, but there is now a shortage of IPv4 IP addresses
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) was created partially due to the shortage of IPv4 addresses
IPv6 uses a 128-bit IP address, which provides 340 undecillion addresses

8. Ipv6 addresses 2001:0000:0B80:0000:0000:00D3:9C5A:00CC
An IPv6 address has 128 bits written as 8 blocks of hexadecimal numbers separated by colons
Each block in an IPv6 address is 16 bits
Example: 2001 in hex is in binary
Leading 0s in a 4-character hex block can be eliminated
Example: The IP address above can be simplified:
2001:0000:B80:0000:0000:D3:9C5A:CC
If blocks contain all zeros, they can be written as double colons, but only one set of double colons can be used
Example: The IP address above can be further simplified:
2001:0000:B80::D3:9C5A:CC

9. Routers for example don’t see IP addresses the same as we do
IPv4 Addresses
An IPv4 address is represented as four decimal numbers separated by periods, such as
An octet is each of the four decimal numbers and can be any number from 0 to 255
The dotted decimal format was created only to make working with IP addresses easier
Routers for example don’t see IP addresses the same as we do
An IPv4 address is actually 32 bits long and is made up of 4 groups, which are each 8 bits long

10. Binary to decimal & decimal to binary
Each number in the dotted decimal format ( ) represents an 8 bit binary number (192 decimal is equal to binary) and each 1 or 0 is a single bit
The largest possible 8-bit number is binary which is equal to 255 decimal
The largest possible decimal IP address is (known as a broadcast address)
(binary)

11. IPv4 addresses are divided into 3 main classes
IPv4 Classes
IPv4 addresses are divided into 3 main classes
used to identify a specific network and a specific host
With class A addresses
the first octet identifies the network and the last three identify the host
With class B addresses
the first two octets identify the network and the last two identify the host
With class C addresses
the first three octets identify the network and the last octet can be used to identify the host

13. Subnets pm video 9:10
Large networks can be divided into smaller networks called subnetworks or subnets
Subnetting allows you to create multiple logical networks that exist within a single Class A, B, or C network
If you do not subnet, you are only able to use one network from your Class A, B, or C network, which is unrealistic and not very efficient
Consider a Class A Network - It is not practical to have 16 million nodes in the same domain

14. Subnet Masks
The subnet mask identifies which part of an IP address is the network id and which is the host id
Subnet masks help a device know if an IP address is part of it’s network or belongs to another network
Open a command line window and type “ipconfig” without switches and press enter
This will display the IP address assigned to your computer
It will also show the subnet mask and default gateway

15. Default subnet masks for classes of IP addresses
Subnet masks can be viewed as a group of ones followed by a group of zeros
In a subnet mask if the bits are turned on (or are 1’s), the corresponding bit is used for the network
If the bits are turned off (or are 0’s) the bit is for the host
Default subnet masks for classes of IP addresses

16. Public Address vs Private Address
A public IP address is one that is available to the Internet and a private IP address is one that is used on a private network
You can use a router with NAT (Network Address Translation) redirection for Internet access
NAT is a protocol that substitutes the public IP address of the router for the private IP address of a computer that needs to communicate on the Internet

17. Private IP Address Classes and Ranges