Steering System Steers the vessel from side to side Turns the propulsion unit Ex. Water-jet propelled vehicles are steered by changing the direction of the jet nozzles The stern of the boat will move in the opposite direction of the thrust Outboard engines are steered the same way When the engines is rotated, the stern of the boat is pushed in the opposite direction Engine and water jets can be turned about 45 degrees in either direction

Steering System Rudders- A hinged vertical surface on a water vehicle. Acts to change the direction of water pressure against the vessel Control the stern of most marine vessels

Diving and rising system Used by submarines and submersibles Can decrease and increase their buoyancy or weight to control their depth Submersibles carry weights that pull them down Specialized compartments that fill with water to equalize pressure Submarines are constructed with two hulls (inner/outer) Ballast tanks (space between two hulls) To dive, the space between is filled with water Once underwater, propellers, wings, and rudders are used to maneuver the sub. In order to surface, compressed air pumps the water from between the two hulls.

Suspension System Hulls serve as the suspension system for marine vehicles keep the vessel afloat Stabilize vessel in various waters Stay afloat by moving (displacing) the same amount of water as the ship weighs Must be designed to adapt to extra weight (people/cargo) Ship will capsize if weight of ship outweighs the weight of the displaced water There are 3 types of hulls: Full displacement hull Planning hull Semiplaning hulls

Full displacement hulls Hull that sits low in the water and has the greatest draft. Very economical and efficient Draft- Distance from the waterline to the bottom of the boat Waterline- Location at which the water stops along the side of the hull Hull speed- The top speed at which hulls become inefficient and dangerous Figured by measuring the length of the boat at the waterline, finding the square root of the length, and multiplying by 1.34

Planning Hull Planning Hull- hull that rides on top of the water His no maximum hull speed, low fuel efficiency Hard to handle and rough in heavy waves When “on plane” the boat lifts almost completely out of the water Can travel 2 or 3 times faster than other hulls types

Semiplaning Hull Semiplaning hull- Best of both worlds Hull in which the stern of the boat remains in the water (like a displacement hull) The bow is raised on top of the water (planing hull)

Hulls

Basic hull shapes Round hull- Flat hull- V hull- Catamaran- Trihull Displacement hulls, least stable (can roll in water) use a keel or centerboard for stability Flat hull- Planing hulls, stability (increased surface area) V hull- Similar to round hull, undersides are flatter, pointed bow leads to a partial V shape in many hulls Catamaran- most stable, two hulls in the water placed far apart, do not tip Trihull very stable, three hulls in water placed far apart, do not tip

Antirolling devices Stability is important aspect of suspension system Bilge keel- An extension protruding downward from the centerline of a boat If the boat starts to lean, it acts as a hydrofoil and pushes against the water in the opposite direction Fin stabilizers- Fin located on the side of a ship, below the waterline When the ship rolls to one side, the increased surface area offers resistance to the ship upright

Structural Systems In all vessels: Areas in between: Bow- Front Stern- back Areas in between: Forward Amidships aft

Structural Systems Port- Starboard- Length Overall (LOA)- Beam- The left side of the ship Starboard- The rights side of the ship Length Overall (LOA)- The measurement from the tip of the bow to the stern Beam- The width of the ship at its widest point Bulkheads- Internal component used to strengthen the hull Gunwale (gunnel)- Top edge of the hull

Structural Systems

Structural Systems Marine vessels are made of a number of materials: Wood- has buoyancy, easy to work with, readily available Construction requires a set of ribs built up around a keel Wooden planks are attached to the skeleton Fiberglasses-reinforced plastic Aluminum Lightweight alloys

Structural Systems Oceangoing ships are made of: Metal Metal alloys The main structural hull and supporting bulkheads are steel Classification society- A society that sets and enforces the construction standards for shipbuilding Submarines are built to withstand tremendous pressure Double hulls Conning tower- Part of a submarine that projects from the top, usually in the center, of the vessel It is where the ships periscopes, radio antennas, and RADAR are located

Support Systems Water transportation is made possible through its support facilities Aid in keeping vessels maintained and operational Vessels need to be: Repaired Refueled Loaded and unloaded Support systems include: Harbors Docks Ports Locks terminals

Harbors Harbor- A point along the coast where the water is deep enough for the vessel to come very close to shore Main purpose it to get the vessel close to land Harbormaster- Officer who controls the flow of traffic in and out of a port

Ports, docks, and terminals A place where vessels load and unload cargo/ passengers Located along seacoasts, lakefronts, and rivers Used for fueling and repair Dock- Located at ports An area totally closed in by piers Ships are not docked long, load and unload quickly Terminals- Physical facility or building used to load and unload passengers and cargo Example would be an airport terminal

locks Locks- Panama Canal A chamber facility constructed in a canal between two different water levels. Made up of gates, pumps, and filling and draining valves Panama Canal