AIm: How did westward expansion lead to increased conflicts between the North and South over slavery? What compromises did the North and South attempt to make? Do Now: How Does Cotton trade lead to increased conflicts with the North and South over slavery? John L. Magee created this in 1856, depicting Preston Brooks’ (Representative from South Carolina) attack on Charles Sumner (Senator from Massachusetts) on the floor of the U.S. Senate.

The Missouri Compromise, 1820-1821 As more Americans moved west, new territories were ready to become states. The process became difficult because of the issue of slavery. Now every land acquisition was met with the question: slave or free? As long as there was an equal number of slave and free states both North and South felt comfortable. When Missouri—which allowed slavery—applied for admission though, the balance was threatened. Henry Clay, known as ‘the great compromiser,’ formed the Missouri Compromise. The agreement allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state and Maine as a free state. The compromise also established that in all territories north of the 36 30’ north latitude, slavery would be illegal—except for Missouri. Interactive map: http://mappinghistory.uoregon.edu/english/US/US19-00.html

Missouri Compromise – Compromise of 1820 First, Missouri would be admitted to the union as a slave state, but would be balanced by the admission of Maine, a free state, that had long wanted to be separated from Massachusetts. Second, slavery was to be excluded from all new states in the Louisiana Purchase north of the southern boundary of Missouri - The Missouri Compromise didn’t settle the question, but temporarily resolved the issue of whether or not slavery could be extended to new states and territories Louisiana Purchase - Large land purchase made by the United States from France in 1803, added lands west of the Mississippi River for 15 states - this caused the 1820 Compromise because there were questions as to whether these states should be added as slave states or free states Cotton trade - Cotton exports were at an all time high with England’s industrial revolution and demand for materials for textiles, especially after the invention of the cotton gin which made it easier to cultivate - more lands for cotton plantations meant more slaves, and the new states wanted to be slave states to contribute to the economic gold mine contributing to the need for the 1820 compromise Manifest Destiny - The idea that the United States should expand over the whole continent as it was destiny, contributed to the 1820 compromise b/c this feeling led to the settling of the lands in the west, leading to the question of whether or not these should be slave states or free states Balance in Congress - Free states were concerned with maintaining a balance in congress between free states and slave states leading to a need for this compromise Maine & Missouri Statehood - Missouri and Maine wanted to be admitted to the Union, but there was a question about how to admit them - as slave or free states, leading to the 1820 compromise

Compromise of 1850 This compromise led to the south and north each gaining a few things, and giving up a few things. The south gained the fugitive slave law, the north gained a new free state, California. Texas lost territory but was compensated with 10 million dollars to pay for its debt. Additionally, the slave trade was prohibited in Washington DC, but slavery was not. Finally, slavery was not restricted in the territories of Utah and New Mexico. Mexican American War - Mexican American War led to the following terms: Mexico recognized that America annexed Texas, Mexico agreed to sell California and the rest of its territory north of the Rio Grande - this led to the compromise of 1850 b/c it was unclear whether or not these lands would be free states, slave states, or popular sovereignty states Wilmot Proviso - Proposed to ban slavery in the territory acquired from Mexico after the Mexican American War, didn’t pass - contributed to sectional differences between North and South leading to the Compromise of 1850 California Statehood - After a lot of debate over whether or not slavery should be allowed in the territory from the Mexican American War, California was admitted as a free state led to the continued sectionalism Fugitive Slave Act - Penalized officials who didn’t return fugitive slaves, was a part of the compromise of 1850 to appease the Southerners who didn’t appreciate the Northern states harboring slaves who had run away Compromise of 1820 - Attempted to settle the question of slavery in new territories - but didn’t make accommodations for popular sovereignty or really appease the sectional differences Manifest Destiny & Westward Expansion - This led to the need for the Compromise of 1850, the question of whether or not slavery should be in the new territories acquired as a result of the concept of Manifest Destiny & Westward Expansion

Fugitive Slave Law The Compromise of 1850

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Kansas Nebraska Act (1854) Allowed people the Kansas and Nebraska territories to vote on whether or not to allow slavery in their territories - repealed the 1820 Compromise, Anti-slavery and Pro-slavery activists moved into the state to affect the outcome of the first election on slavery, pro-slavery settlers won, and the anti-slavery settlers charged them with fraud and didn’t accept the results, Violence soon erupted leading to “Bleeding Kansas” Kansas & Nebraska Statehood - Question about whether or not Kansas and Nebraska should be admitted as slave states or free states or the people should decide themselves Popular Sovereignty - The idea that states could vote on whether or not to admit slavery into their state - the idea of this caused the need for the Kansas Nebraska Act Transcontinental Railroad - The ability to move more goods faster led to more industry and more plantations expanding across the US, leading to a desire to expand slavery Compromise of 1820 - Didn’t settle the issue with slavery, made the sectional differences worse, leading to the need for the Kansas Nebraska Act Compromise of 1850 - Didn’t settle the issue with slavery, made sectional differences and tensions rise further, tried to balance power between slave and free states - didn’t account for popular sovereignty Balance in Congress - ⅗ compromise led to the need for the balance of power between slave and free states

Slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty (people's vote) “Bleeding Kansas”: people from North & South fighting/killing each other