i ii Further Assessment* (12 months) Updating and Screening Assessment No AQO being, or likely to be exceeded? Yes Detailed Assessment (if required) Declare Air Quality Management Area Progress Report (annual) Detailed Assessment Amend, revoke or maintain AQMA Air Quality Action Plan (18 months) Action Plan Progress Report * Proposal to rescind this requirement (Defra, 2014)

LAQM ‘structure’ problems Public Health solutions Narrow Public Health scope Public Health role not specified Process not sufficiently flexible Slow to adapt to new evidence Resources not helped develop Public Health expertise/capacity INTEGRATION Better policy connection Defined role, and expected contribution, of Public Health in LAQM Enhanced regime with broader Public Health scope Facilitated data sharing and linking, and improved public health risk assessment accuracy AQMA boundary-setting that facilitates impact evaluations (air quality and health) Raised local air quality profile and improved risk communications and public engagement Informed, prioritised and influenced action based on local health needs Connected action through collaboration (and increased effectiveness and efficiency) Increased public health impact by linking LAQM and wider public health intervention LAQM ‘process’ problems Limited consultation Public Health/public disengaged Risk assessments not health-based Unhelpful AQMA boundaries Poor risk communications Not linked with Public Health action Public health impacts not routinely evaluated Data and surveillance Epidemiological investigations Act to protect and improve health Inform, educate and empower Collaborate to solve problems Develop policy to link services Evaluation and research Advocacy and leadership Added value ‘outcomes’