World History Chapter 12 Renaissance & Reformation 1300 - 1600

Section 1: The Renaissance

Targets Explain why, between 1350 & 1550, Italian intellectuals believed they had entered a new age of human achievement Characterize city-states which were centers of political, economic & social life in Renaissance Italy.

I. The Italian Renaissance The word renaissance means rebirth Began in Italy & spread to the rest of Europe

Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance 1. Largely an urban society, a system in which cities are the center of political, economic & social life (pg. 375) had a secular, worldly view (pg. 375)

Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance 2. Age of recovery from disasters of the 14th century 3. New view of human beings emerged

The Italian Renaissance “Men can do all things if they will” Well-rounded, universal person Leonardo da Vinci, was a painter, sculptor, architect, inventor & mathematician

II. The Italian States Milan, Venice & Florence Prospered from a flourishing trade Trading ships Profited from the Crusades

A. Milan Visconti family established themselves as dukes of Milan Francesco Sforza became the ruling duke in 1447 mercenaries, soldiers who sold their services to the highest bidder (pg. 377)

B. Venice The Republic of Venice Had an elected leader called a Doge

Luca Carlevaris, The Pier & the Ducal Palace http://www.artunframed.com/images/artmis2/carlevaris99.jpg

C. Florence Wealthy group of merchants established control of the Florence government Cosimo de Medici & Lorenzo de Medici, wealthy merchant family who controlled the government from behind the scenes

Lorenzo de Medici http://www.abm-enterprises.net/artgall1/medici.jpg

D. The Italian Wars 1494 the French king Charles VIII occupied the kingdom of Naples Italian states turned for help to the Spanish

D. The Italian Wars French & Spanish made Italy their battleground as they fought to dominate the country

The Italian Wars Spanish king Charles I allowed mercenaries to sack Rome in 1527 Spanish became a dominant force in Italy

III. Machiavelli & the New Statecraft Niccolo Machiavelli The Prince How to acquire & keep political power

Niccolo Machiavelli http://www.justresponse.net/machiavelli.jpg

Machiavelli & the New Statecraft A prince’s attitude toward power must be based on an understanding of human nature Political activity should not be restricted by moral principles

Machiavelli & the New Statecraft Must be will to let his conscience sleep Abandon morality as the basis for analyzing political activity

IV. Renaissance Society Society divided into three estates or social classes Nobility, clergy & peasants (townspeople)

A. The Nobility Ideals of the nobility expressed in The Book of the Courtier by Baldassare Castiglione Described the characteristics of a perfect Renaissance noble

Baldassare Castiglione http://www.mystudios.com/art/italian/raphael/raphael-castiglione-1514.jpg

Characteristics of a Renaissance noble 1. born, not made 2. had to develop two basic skills a. acquire military skills b. gain a classical education

Characteristics of a Renaissance noble 3. Needed to follow a certain standard of conduct

B. Peasants & Townspeople Peasants made 85 to 90% of the total European population Serfdom continued to decrease Townspeople made up the rest of the 3rd estate

C. Family & Marriage To maintain the family, parents carefully arranged marriages, often to strengthen business or family ties Dowry, a gift of money or property paid at the time of marriage, by the bride’s parents to her husband (pg. 381)

Niccolò Machiavelli 1513 actual or appearance of good qualities and the ability to do evil if necessary

Section 2: The Intellectual & Artistic Renaissance

Daily Objectives Discuss humanism - the most important intellectual movement associated with the Renaissance. Identify the great artists & sculptors produced by the Renaissance, such as Michelangelo, Rafael & Leonardo da Vinci.

I. Italian Renaissance Humanism A key intellectual movement of the Renaissance was humanism Humanism was based on the study of the classics, the literary works of ancient Greece & Rome

I. Italian Renaissance Humanism Studied grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy & history Today, these subjects are called the humanities

Italian Renaissance Humanism Petrarch, called the father of Italian Renaissance humanism

Vernacular Literature Vernacular is the language of everyday speech/writing Italian: Dante Divine Comedy Story of the soul’s journey to salvation

Vernacular Literature English: Chaucer The Canterbury Tales Collection of stories told by a group of 29 pilgrims journeying to the tomb of Saint Thomas a Becket at Canterbury

Vernacular Literature Important in making his dialect the chief ancestor of the modern English language

Vernacular Literature French: Christine de Pizan The Book of the City of Ladies Written in defense of women

Education in the Renaissance The humanist movement had a profound effect on education They wrote books on education & opened schools based on their ideas

Education in the Renaissance Liberal Studies: history, moral philosophy, eloquence (or rhetoric), letters (grammar & logic), poetry, mathematics, astronomy & music

Education in the Renaissance Humanist educators also stressed physical education Javelin throwing, archery, dancing, running, wrestling, hunting & swimming Education was practical preparation for life

Education in the Renaissance Females were largely absent from these schools

The Artistic Renaissance in Italy Renaissance artists sought to imitate nature in their works Artists were developing a new world perspective Human beings became the focus of attention

New Techniques in Painting Fresco’s, painting done on fresh, wet plaster with water-based paints

New Techniques in Painting Masaccio work had depth & came alive, used the laws of perspective, created the illusion of three dimensions, more realistic

Masaccio The Tribute Money http://www.christusrex.org/www2/art/images/masacc01.jpg

Masaccio http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~pmclean/masaccio.jpg

New Techniques in Painting Two major developments: 1. Laws of perspective & the organization of outdoor space & light through geometry 2. Investigation of movement & human anatomy

Sculpture & Architecture Donatello, sculpture, copied the statues of the Greeks & Romans Saint George

Saint George by Donatello http://skally.net/sj/donatello-marble.jpg

Gattamelata

Sculpture & Architecture Filippo Brunelleschi, architect New architecture in Florence, the church of San Lorenzo

Architect Filippo Brunelleschi http://intranet.rutgers.edu/~skelly/duomo.jpg

Masters of the High Renaissance The High Renaissance in Italy is associated with 3 artistic giants, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, & Michelangelo Leonardo mastered the art of realistic painting & even dissected human bodies

Leonardo da Vinci

http://www.artchive.com/artchive/L/leonardo/lastsupp.jpg.html

Mona Lisa http://www.harley.com/abstract-art/images/(davinci)-mona-lisa.jpg

Leonardo da Vinci http://www.mindgraphic.ch/bilder/da-vinci-leonardo.jpg

Masters of the High Renaissance Raphael, painted numerous madonnas (paintings of the Virgin Mary) Frescoe, School of Athens

Raphael, Madonna & Child http://davenation.com/madonnas/raphael4.jpg

Raphael

School of Athens by Raphael http://207.228.237.143/images/athens.jpg

Transfiguration by Raphael

Masters of the High Renaissance Michelangelo, painter, sculptor & architect Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome

This detail from the Sistine Chapel is titled The Creation of Adam.

David by Michelangelo http://www.the-artfile.com/gallery/artists/michelangelo/david.jpg

Pieta

The Northern Artistic Renaissance Northern Europe Northern artists painted illustrations for books & wooden panels for altarpieces Flanders became the most important northern school of art in the 15th century

The Northern Artistic Renaissance Flemish painter Jan van Eyck Used oil paint, a wide variety of colors & created fine details Giovanni Arnolfini & His Bride

Jan van Eyck http://www.snof.org/art/imagesart/vaneyck.jpg

The Northern Artistic Renaissance German artist, Albrecht Durer Adoration of the Magi

Durer http://www.navigo.com/wm/paint/auth/botticelli/botticelli.adoration-of-the-magi.jpg

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. has dignity and worth seek fulfillment Humanists believed that liberal studies enabled individuals to reach their full potential. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.