World History Bellwork What impact might the American Revolution have on European monarchs? What effects might it have on other Europeans, such as nobles or the working class?

The French Revolution Chapter 6

Causes of the French Revolution Enlightenment philosophes American Revolution Weak leadership

The French “Ancien Régime” Society divided into three estates First: Church 1 % of population Second: Nobility 2% of population Third: All others 97% of population Bourgeoisie: middle class (ex. merchants, artisans, doctors, lawyers) Lower class: urban poor, peasant farmers *The 3rd Estate ranges from poor to well to citizens. This is not about Rich vs. Poor

The Estates General

Causes of the French Revolution SIDE NOTE High unemployment and crop failures don’t help the situation! Economic issues Deficit Spending National debt (wars) Tax exemptions (First & Second Estates) Result: Louis XVI convenes Estates-General (first time in 175 years)

Food! France has grown to 26 million No government plan for back up food storage Agriculture ¾ of the French Economy, but is backwards! (feudalistic) Importation of cheaper textiles puts French spinners and weavers out of work Paris unemployment high! July 1788 hailstorm wipes out wheat harvests in France Winter of 1788-89 worst winter on record! People spend most of their income on bread and wait in bread lines

Jacques Necker French Financial Minister (Switzerland) tax the first two estates????? (unpopular) Raising interest rates instead of taxes (slows growth- puts construction workers out of work) No more grain exports/imports more food Bread prices rise Marie Antoinette despises him Necker forced to resign in May 1789- People of Paris Protest!!!!

The Meeting of the Estates-General May 1789 What is the Third Estate? Everything. What has it been until now in the political order? Nothing. What does it want to be? Something. ~Abbe Emmanuel Sieyes Estates create cahiers (lists of grievances) Louis XVI wants tax hike Third Estate wants to meet together, not separately; king and nobles reject the idea RESULTS: Third Estate forms National Assembly Tennis Court Oath: pledge to create a constitution

Phase 1: Government Reforms August 27, 1789: National Assembly adopts Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen Liberty, Property, Security Freedoms of speech, religion, & press Equality under the law

November 1791 Church Nationalization Church tax exemption and privileges ended Government seizes Church lands (6%) Priests forced to accept Constitution or leave Government sells Church possessions for money By November 1793 Churches were closed

Louis XVI and Family -Kept imprisoned at Tuileries Palace for the next 3 years Marie Antoinette has spies getting letters to her brother who is King of Prussia

June 20, 1791 Escape!

Constitution of 1791 The Oath is kept! D.R.M.C. became the Preamble to this new Constitution Constitution of 1791 creates constitutional monarchy Creates Three branches with separate powers National Assembly part of Constitution that holds elections Real Power: Legislative Assembly

Phase 1: International Reaction Émigrés report attacks Condemnation from European monarchs Catherine the Great burns Voltaire’s letters Declaration of Pilnitz issued by Frederick the Great and Leopold II of Austria Result: Legislative Assembly declares war on Austria, then most every other European nation

Additional Items for the Timeline Your timeline should also show the various governments in France during these events of the French Revolution. Absolute Monarch Louis XVI (May, 1774 – June, 1789) One event National Assembly (June, 1789 – September, 1791) Nine events Legislative Assembly (October, 1791 – August, 1792) National Convention (September, 1792 – August, 1795) Five events Directory (August, 1795 – August, 1799) Consulate (August 1799 – December, 1804) Emperor Napoleon (December, 1804 to June, 1815)

Additional Items for the Timeline Your timeline should also show the various governments in France during these events of the French Revolution. Absolute Monarch Louis XVI (May, 1774 – June, 1789) One event National Assembly (June, 1789 – September, 1791) Nine events Legislative Assembly (October, 1791 – August, 1792) National Convention (September, 1792 – August, 1795) Five events Directory (August, 1795 – August, 1799) Consulate (August 1799 – December, 1804) Emperor Napoleon (December, 1804 to June, 1815)

Dates to Remember Friday, December 6: Timeline is due Tuesday, December 10: Word Search is due; last day to submit late work Thursday, December 12: Enlightenments & Revolutions Exam (Chapters 5-6) Wednesday, December 18: Final Exam