Innovation and Engineering Design Unit 1 Terminology By: Brian Nettleton This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0402616. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation (NSF).

Invention A new product or system, or process that has never existed before. Inventions are created by study or experimentation. Leonardo Da Vinci’s Paddle Boat http://www.museoscienza.org/english/leonardo/

The Steam Engine The first steam device was invented by Hero of Alexandria in Greece during the 1st century AD. It was called the Aeopile and was used as a novelty. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_power#Invention_and_Development

Patents Ownership rights that governments give to inventors so they have the exclusive right to make, use, and sell products or processes that they invent. Leonardo Da Vinci’s Articulating Wing http://www.museoscienza.org/english/leonardo/

Patents It is unknown when, and from which country, the idea of granting patents was introduced. The earliest know patent was granted to John of Utyman in 1449 by Henry VI of England. The patent was for a process for making stained glass. http://www.patent.gov.uk/patent/whatis/fivehundred/origins.htm Leonardo Da Vinci’s Parachute http://www.museoscienza.org/english/leonardo/

The Steam Engine Thomas Savery, an English military engineer, patented the first steam engine in 1698. http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blsteamengine.htm

The Steam Engine In 1712, Thomas Newcomen, with the help of Thomas Savery, developed an atmospheric steam engine to pump water out of mine shafts. It was the first practical use of a steam engine. http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/discovering/famous/thomas_newcomen.shtml

Innovation An improvement of an existing technological product, system, or method of doing something. Leonardo Da Vinci’s Self Propelled Car http://www.museoscienza.org/english/leonardo/

The Steam Engine In 1763 James Watt was given a Newcomen engine to repair. Watt began thinking about ways to make the steam engine more efficient. Watt came up with the idea of a separate condensing chamber for the steam engine. This enabled the engine to use 75% less fuel. Watt continued to make innovations to the steam engine throughout his life. He developed the governor, the manometer (used to measure steam pressure), crankshaft, and the rotary engine (which replaced water power in the textile mills. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt_steam_engine

Discovery The disclosure of that which was previously unknown. Leonardo Da Vinci’s Revolving Crane http://www.museoscienza.org/english/leonardo/

Steam Engine The discovery of nuclear fission led to the development of nuclear power. Reactors heat water that turns to steam. The steam turns turbine generators that power ships, submarines, and homes. http://www.howstuffworks.com/nuclear-power.htm

Creativity A mental process involving the generation of new ideas or concepts, or new associations between existing ideas or concepts. Leonardo Da Vinci’s Diving Suit http://www.museoscienza.org/english/leonardo/

Trademarks A distinctive sign of some kind which is used by a business to identify itself and its products or services to consumers, and to set the business and its products or services apart from those of other businesses. Leonardo Da vinci’s Aerial Screw http://www.museoscienza.org/english/leonardo/

Trademarks These are some of the most popular Trademarks for petroleum products.

Copyrights A copyright is a set of exclusive rights granted by government for a limited time to protect the particular form, way or manner in which an idea or information is expressed. Leonardo Da Vinci’s Machine for Digging Trenches http://www.museoscienza.org/english/leonardo/

Copyrights Along with manufactured goods and process, things like books, music and movies are copyrighted. This ensures that the proper people receive payment for their work.

Standards and Benchmarks •Standard 3:Students will develop an understanding of the relationships among technologies and the connections between technology and other fields of study. o [3.D] Technological systems often interact with one another. o [3.F] A product, system, or environment developed for one setting may be applied to another setting. •Standard 7:Students will develop an understanding of the influence of technology on history. o [7.C] Many inventions and innovations have evolved by using slow and methodical processes of tests and refinements. •Standard 10:Students will develop an understanding of the role of troubleshooting, research and development, invention and innovation, and experimentation in problem solving. o [10.G] Invention is a process of turning ideas and imagination into devices and systems. Innovation is the process of modifying an existing product or system to improve it.