1. Power Plants 3-6 Types of Power Plants
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Power Plants
Types of Power Plants
The engine, motor, and related parts
Supplies the motive power of a self-propelled object
Produces a kinetic energy output from a fuel source input
Electricity generating station
Typically what is referred to by “power plant”
Mechanical, heat, chemical, solar sources

2. Power Plants 3-6 Why Study Power Plants?
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Power Plants
Why Study Power Plants?
Insight into the fundamental operation of most engineered technologies
Application of scientific and mathematical principles in real-world problem-solving situations

3. Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Terminology
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Power Plants – Engines
Terminology
Combustion – the burning of fuel with an oxidizer
Oxidizer – a chemical compound that transfers oxygen atoms – a typical oxidizer is ambient air
Ambient – surrounding, environmental, atmospheric
External combustion engine (ECE) – heat engine that derives heat from fuel consumed outside engine
Internal combustion engine (ICE) – heat engine that derives heat from combustion of fuel within engine, instead of in external furnace
Thermodynamics – physics that deals with the mechanical action or relations of heat

4. Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Types of Engines
Historically – engine referred to device that converted force into motion
Catapult, battering ram, and other siege weapons
Mills – grinding
Water mill, wind mill, horse mill, treadmill
al-Jazari – invented crankshaft and connecting rod, one of the most important mech. technologies after wheel
1698 – first practical steam powered engine – Thomas Savery

5. Types of Engines and Uses
Power Plants – Engines
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Types of Engines and Uses
External Combustion (EC) Engines:
Steam – steam locomotives; turbines in electricity stations
Internal Combustion (IC) Engines:
Four-stroke: cars, trucks, motorcycles, construction machinery, airplanes
Two-stroke: moped, dirt bike, chainsaw, trimmer, motor boat, lawnmowers, go-karts
Diesel: 50% new cars in europe, submarines, ships, locomotives, large trucks/machinery
Gas Turbine Engines:
Power plants and airplanes

6. Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Reciprocating Engines:
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Types of Engines
Reciprocating Engines:
Reciprocate: to move forward and backward alternately
Pistons move linearly, forward and backward, in reciprocating engines.
A crank converts linear motion into rotational motion.

7. Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Steam Engine Steam
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Types of Engines – E.C.E.
Steam Engine
Steam
Molecules of gases are further apart than molecules in liquids and solids
Vaporized water (steam) takes up more space than liquid water

8. Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E.
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Types of Engines – E.C.E.
Steam Engine (continued)
History
75 C.E. Hero of Alexandria – mathematician
Presented plans for simple steam engine
1679 Denis Papin of France – pressure cooker
1698 Thomas Savery, English military engineer – Miner’s Friend pumped water out of coal mines
1712 Newcomen Engine, improved Savery’s design

9. Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E.
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Types of Engines – E.C.E.
Steam Engine (cont.)
History (cont.)
1765 James Watt (Scotland) – mathematician, inventor, instrument maker, engineer
Modern steam engine credited to Watt
1804 Arthur Woolf (England) – compound steam engine
Increases the efficiency of the engine by reusing the steam in additional cylinders.

10. Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Steam Engine (cont) Steam Locomotive
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Types of Engines – E.C.E.
Steam Engine (cont)
Steam Locomotive
1770s – tracks laid for horses to pull carts
1804 – steam-powered engine
1820s – “Father of Railways” George Stephenson – civil and mechanical engineer Builds first public railway lines
Harnessing steam power made the Industrial Revolution possible

11. Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E.
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Types of Engines – E.C.E.
Steam Engine (cont)
Operation – PISTON
High pressure steam enters
HP steam pushes piston
Valve rod shifts
HP steam pushes piston in reverse direction
Original steam, now cooled, exits through exhaust:
Choo-choo-choo-choo-choo

12. Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E.
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Types of Engines – E.C.E.
Steam Engine (cont)
Operation – PISTON
Coal Exhaust
Steam Exhaust

13. Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E.
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Types of Engines – E.C.E.
Steam Engine (cont)
Operation – BOILER
Coal burned in furnace
Hot gasses boil water
Steam moves to cylinder, gases exhaust through smokestack
Fire-tube Boiler (past)
Water-tube Boiler (modern)

14. Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E.
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Types of Engines – E.C.E.
Steam Engine (cont)
Operation – COMPOUND STEAM ENGINE
Engineers’ objective is to harness as much of the energy in the burning fuel as possible.
Compound steam engine reuses exhaust steam/fuel as much as possible (3 times below).

15. Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E.
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Types of Engines – E.C.E.
Steam Engine (cont)
Explain what you see…

16. Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E.
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Types of Engines – E.C.E.
Steam Engine (cont)
Explain what you see…

17. Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E.
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Types of Engines – E.C.E.
Steam Engine (cont)
Explain what you see…

18. Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E.
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Types of Engines – E.C.E.
Steam Engine (cont)
Explain what you see…