Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Section 1: How Organisms Obtain Energy Section 2: Photosynthesis Section 3: Cellular Respiration

BELLRINGER!!! Write the following chemical equations in your science notebook: PHOTOSYNTHESIS carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen CELLULAR RESPIRATION glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

How Organisms Obtain Their Energy (Section 8.1) MAIN IDEA: All living organisms use energy to carry out all biological processes.

How Organisms Obtain Their Energy (Section 8.1) Objectives: Summarize the two laws of thermodynamics. Compare and Contrast autotrophs and heterotrophs. Describe how ATP works in a cell.

trophic level – each step in a food chain or a food web. Review Vocabulary trophic level – each step in a food chain or a food web.

NEW VOCABULARY energy thermodynamics metabolism photosynthesis cellular respiration adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Transformation of Energy Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Transformation of Energy Energy is the ability to do work. Thermodynamics is the study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe.

Laws of Thermodynamics Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Laws of Thermodynamics First law — energy can be converted from one form to another and it cannot be created nor destroyed.

Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Second law — energy cannot be converted without the loss of usable energy. A diagram that can show the relative amounts of energy, biomass, or numbers of organisms at each trophic level. In a pyramid of energy, approximately 90% of the energy is transformed at each level (10 percent law).

Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Autotrophs are organisms that make their own food. Heterotrophs are organisms that need to ingest food to obtain energy. Chemoautotrophs are organisms that use inorganic substances such as hydrogen sulfide as a source of energy.

REMEDIATION (True or False) Heterotrophs are dependent on autotrophs. TRUE! Autotrophs depend on heterotrophs for food. FALSE Autotrophs make their own food. Heterotrophs make food using light energy.

All of the chemical reactions in a cell Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Metabolism All of the chemical reactions in a cell Photosynthesis — light energy from the Sun is converted to chemical energy for use by the cell (anabolic pathway) Cellular respiration — organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell (catabolic pathway)

ATP: The Unit of Cellular Energy Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy ATP: The Unit of Cellular Energy ATP releases energy when the bond between the second and third phosphate groups is broken, forming a molecule called adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a free phosphate group.

8.1 Section Summary The laws of thermodynamics control the flow and transformation of energy in organisms. Autotrophs produce their own food, whereas heterotrophs obtain energy from the food they digest. Cells store and release energy through coupled anabolic and catabolic reactions. The energy released from the breakdown of ATP drives cellular activities.

Photosynthesis (Section 8.2) MAIN IDEA: Light energy is trapped and converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis (Section 8.2) Objectives: Summarize the two phases of photosynthesis. Explain the function of a chloroplast during the light reactions.

REVIEW VOCABULARY carbohydrate – an organic compound containing only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually in a 1:2:1 ratio.

NEW VOCABULARY thylakoid granum stroma pigment NADP+ Calvin cycle rubisco

Overview of Photosynthesis Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.2 Photosynthesis Overview of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis occurs in two phases. Light-dependent reactions Light-independent reactions

Phase One: Light Reactions Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.2 Photosynthesis Phase One: Light Reactions The absorption of light is the first step in photosynthesis. Chloroplasts capture light energy.

Photosynthesis (Section 8.2) Carotenoids produce the colors of carrots and sweet potatoes.

Photosynthesis (Section 8.2) As trees prepare to lose their leaves before winter, the chlorophyll molecules break down, revealing the colors of the pigments.

Phase Two: The Calvin Cycle Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.2 Photosynthesis Phase Two: The Calvin Cycle In the second phase of photosynthesis, called the Calvin cycle, energy is stored in organic molecules such as glucose.

Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.2 Photosynthesis An enzyme called rubisco converts inorganic carbon dioxide molecules into organic molecules during the final step of the Calvin cycle.

C4 plants keep their stomata (plant cell pores) closed during Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.2 Photosynthesis Alternative Pathways C4 plants keep their stomata (plant cell pores) closed during hot days.

Alternative Pathways 8.2 Photosynthesis Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.2 Photosynthesis Alternative Pathways CAM plants pathway occurs in water-conserving plants that live in deserts, salt marshes, and other environments where access to water is limited.

8.2 Section Summary Plants contain chloroplasts with light- absorbing pigments that convert light energy into chemical energy. Photosynthesis is a two-phase process that consists of the light reactions and the Calvin cycle. In the light reactions, autotrophs trap and convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of NADPH and ATP. In the Calvin cycle, chemical energy in ATP and NADPH is used to synthesize carbohydrates such as glucose.

CELLULAR RESPIRATION Section 8.3 MAIN IDEA: Living organisms obtain energy by breaking down organic molecules during cellular respiration.

Section 8.3 Objectives Summarize the stages of cellular respiration. Compare alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.

Review Vocabulary cyanobacterium – a type of eubacterium that is a photosynthetic autotroph. mitochondria – membrane-bound organelles that convert fuel into energy that is available to the rest of the cell (often referred to as the “powerhouses” of cells).

NEW VOCABULARY anaerobic process aerobic respiration aerobic glycolysis Krebs cycle fermentation

Overview of Cellular Respiration Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.3 Cellular Respiration Overview of Cellular Respiration Organisms obtain energy in a process called cellular respiration. The equation for cellular respiration is the opposite of the equation for photosynthesis.

Review of Photosynthesis and an Overview of Cellular Respiration Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.3 Cellular Respiration Review of Photosynthesis and an Overview of Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration occurs in two main parts. Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.3 Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration occurs in two main parts. Glycolysis Aerobic respiration

Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.3 Cellular Respiration Glycolysis Glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm through the process of glycolysis. Two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADH are formed for each molecule of glucose that is broken down.

Glycolysis has a net result of two ATP and two pyruvate. Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.3 Cellular Respiration Krebs Cycle Glycolysis has a net result of two ATP and two pyruvate. Most of the energy from the glucose is still contained in the pyruvate. The series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide is called the Krebs cycle.

Final step in the breakdown of glucose Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.3 Cellular Respiration Electron Transport Final step in the breakdown of glucose Point at which ATP is produced Produces 24 ATP

Anaerobic Respiration Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.3 Cellular Respiration Anaerobic Respiration The anaerobic pathway that follows glycolysis Two main types Lactic acid fermentation Alcohol fermentation Cellular Respiration

Section 8.3 Summary Many living organisms use cellular respiration to break down glucose. The stages of cellular respiration are glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport. In the absence of oxygen, cells can sustain glycolysis by fermentation.

Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions Cellular Energy Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions Formative Test Questions Chapter Assessment Questions Standardized Test Practice biologygmh.com Glencoe Biology Transparencies Image Bank Vocabulary Animation Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding lesson.

Which statement describes the law of conservation of energy? Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which statement describes the law of conservation of energy? Energy cannot be converted or destroyed. Energy can be converted and destroyed. Energy can be converted but not destroyed. Energy can be destroyed but not converted.

In which metabolic process are molecules Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Chapter Diagnostic Questions In which metabolic process are molecules broken down to produce carbon dioxide and water? photosynthesis cellular respiration homeostasis fermentation

At the end of the Calvin cycle, where is energy stored? Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Chapter Diagnostic Questions At the end of the Calvin cycle, where is energy stored? NADPH ATP chloroplast glucose

Which law of thermodynamics explains Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.1 Formative Questions Which law of thermodynamics explains why the ladybug receives the least amount of usable energy?

the first law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.1 Formative Questions the first law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics

All of the energy from the food you eat comes from the sun. Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.1 Formative Questions True or False All of the energy from the food you eat comes from the sun.

Why is cellular respiration a catabolic pathway? Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.1 Formative Questions Why is cellular respiration a catabolic pathway? Energy is used to form glucose and oxygen. Energy is converted from water to carbon dioxide. Energy that is lost is converted to thermal energy. Energy is released by the breakdown of molecules.

Why is adenosine triphosphate (ATP) such an Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.1 Formative Questions Why is adenosine triphosphate (ATP) such an important biological molecule? It captures light energy from the sun. It is produced in anabolic pathways. It stores and releases chemical energy. It converts mechanical energy to thermal energy.

Where in the plant cell does photosynthesis take place? Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.2 Formative Questions Where in the plant cell does photosynthesis take place? chloroplasts Golgi apparatus mitochondria vacuoles

Which range of wavelengths is reflected by chlorophylls a and b? Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.2 Formative Questions Which range of wavelengths is reflected by chlorophylls a and b? 400-500 nm 500-600 nm 600-700 nm 650-700 nm

How are the C4 pathway and the CAM pathway Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.2 Formative Questions How are the C4 pathway and the CAM pathway an adaptive strategy for some plants? They accelerate photosynthesis. They release more oxygen. They help the plant conserve water. They reduce the requirement for ATP.

What is the overall purpose of cellular respiration? Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.3 Formative Questions What is the overall purpose of cellular respiration? to make ATP to process H2O to store glucose to deliver oxygen

Which represents the general sequence of cellular respiration? Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.3 Formative Questions Which represents the general sequence of cellular respiration? TCA cycle chemiosmosis glycolysis glycolysis Krebs cycle electron transport electron absorption catalysis phosphorylation fermentation aerobic pathway anaerobic pathway

Which stage of cellular respiration is the anaerobic process? Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.3 Formative Questions Which stage of cellular respiration is the anaerobic process? glycolysis Krebs cycle electron transport Calvin cycle

Which molecule generated by the Krebs cycle is a waste product? Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.3 Formative Questions Which molecule generated by the Krebs cycle is a waste product? hydrogen CO2 O2 glucose

Look at the following figure. Which part of the Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Chapter Assessment Questions Look at the following figure. Which part of the chloroplast is a sac-like membrane arranged in stacks? grana stroma thylakoids Golgi apparatus

pyruvate is broken down into what compound? Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Chapter Assessment Questions During the Krebs cycle, pyruvate is broken down into what compound? H2O O2 CO CO2

Look at the following figure. Which molecule is Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Chapter Assessment Questions Look at the following figure. Which molecule is released when ATP becomes ADP? phosphate group water molecule ribose sugar energy cells

A B Which metabolic process is photosynthesis? Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Standardized Test Practice Which metabolic process is photosynthesis? A B

At the beginning of photosynthesis, which Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Standardized Test Practice At the beginning of photosynthesis, which molecule is split to produce oxygen (O2) as a waste product? CO2 H2O C6H12O6 3-PGA

Glencoe Biology Transparencies Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Glencoe Biology Transparencies

Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Image Bank

Section 1 Vocabulary energy thermodynamics metabolism Photosynthesis Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Vocabulary Section 1 energy thermodynamics metabolism Photosynthesis cellular respiration adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Section 2 Vocabulary thylakoid granum stroma pigment NADP+ Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Vocabulary Section 2 thylakoid granum stroma pigment NADP+ Calvin cycle rubisco

Section 3 Vocabulary anaerobic process aerobic respiration Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Vocabulary Section 3 anaerobic process aerobic respiration aerobic process glycolysis Krebs cycle fermentation

Visualizing Electron Transport Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Animation Visualizing Electron Transport

adenosine triphosphate (ATP) energy pigment aerobic process fermentation photosynthesis aerobic respiration glycolysis rubisco anaerobic process granum stroma Calvin cycle Krebs cycle thermodynamics cellular respiration metabolism thylakoid