1. Photosynthesis
Biology I
Chapter 6

2. Do Now List 5 things that you have eaten in the past 24 hours.
Crash Course-Energy

3. Do Now
In 2 lines, explain how ATP adds and removes phosphate groups, include the name of the processes.

4. Energy
Heterotroph-organisms that consume other organisms for their food.
Autotroph-organisms that make their own food.

5. ATP-Adenosine Triphosphate-primarily used as an energy source in living organisms.
“Gas" that powers a cell's "engine."
ATP molecules store cellular energy. When phosphate groups are removed and molecules of ADP are formed, energy is released. This energy can be used to perform cellular work.

6. Photosynthesis-the process whereby plants capture energy and make complex molecules.
Photosynthesis releases oxygen & sugar.
Cellular respiration releases carbon dioxide and water.
The sun is considered the ultimate source of energy for life on Earth because either photosynthetic organisms or organisms that have eaten them provide energy for all other organisms on Earth.

7. Light Energy
When light strikes an object, the light may be reflected, transmitted or absorbed.
Chlorophyll is green because it reflects green wavelengths of light.
Why do the cells of plant roots generally lack chloroplasts?

8. Do Now
In 2 lines, explain the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph.

9. Chloroplasts
Chloroplast-organelle that is the site of photosynthesis and contains the green pigment chlorophyll
Stacks of thylakoids, called grana, are suspended in the stroma of chloroplasts.
Thylakoid-System of membranes inside the chloroplast; are arranged in sacs.
Grana-stacks inside inner membrane.
Stroma-solution surrounding the grana.

11. Phases of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis Song
During the light reactions, plants use the sun’s energy and water to produce energy for the Calvin Cycle, and release oxygen as a waste product.
Occurs in the thylakoids.
During photosynthesis, the series of reactions that create the complex carbohydrates needed for energy and growth is called the light reactions.
The second stage of photosynthesis, in which glucose is manufactured, is called the Calvin Cycle.
Occurs in the stroma.

12. O2 H2O CO2 Light NADP+ ADP LIGHT REACTIONS (in thylakoids) CALVIN
Chloroplast
Light
NADP+
ADP + P
LIGHT
REACTIONS
(in thylakoids)
CALVIN
CYCLE
(in stroma)
ATP
Electrons
NADPH
Figure 7.5 O2
Glucose

14. Steps of Photosynthesis
Photosystems I & II, the primary electron receptors, and the electron transport chains are embedded in the membrane of the thylakoids.

15. Steps of Photosynthesis
The electrons from photosystem II are transferred to photosystem I, and the electrons are replaced by the splitting of water molecules.

16. Steps of Photosynthesis
At the end of the electron transport chain, electrons combine with NADP+ and H+ to form NADPH.

17. Steps of Photosynthesis
This reaction occurs in the stroma, the solution in which the thylakoids are located inside the chloroplast.

18. Chemiosmosis
Occurs in the thylakoid membrane and converts captured light energy into chemical energy
Chemiosmosis in the thylakoid membrane results in the synthesis of ATP.
Light Cycle
Light Reaction and Chemiosmosis

20. Do Now
Cells obtain energy by either capturing light energy through photosynthesis or by breaking down carbohydrates through cellular respiration. In both photosynthesis and cellular respiration, the energy is ultimately derived from the Sun in a
A. highly efficient process which involves no loss of heat to the environment.
B. one-way process.
C. reversible process.
D. pathway that involves taking in heat from the environment at each step.

21. Do Now
During photosynthesis, plants take in light energy from the Sun, carbon dioxide from the air, and water through their roots to produce
A. proteins and nitrogen.
B. sugar and nitrogen.
C. sugar and oxygen.
D. proteins and oxygen.

22. Transition
Products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that provide energy for the Calvin cycle are ATP and NADPH.
Transition

23. Calvin Cycle
Calvin Cycle-The series of reactions that create the complex carbohydrates needed for energy and growth.
Carbon Fixation-The carbon atoms from CO2 in the atmosphere are bonded, or “fixed” into organic compounds.
Occurs within the stroma of the chloroplast

24. Calvin Cycle Overview
Carbohydrates, Proteins, & Lipids are produced from the products of the Calvin cycle.
Calvin Cycle Overview
Calvin Cycle

26. Do Now
What are the two phases of photosynthesis?

27. Alternative Pathways
Stomata-small pores that allow plants to lose water; allows gas exchange between the environment and the inside of leaves
Open during the day; closed at night.
C3 plants fix carbon exclusively through the Calvin Cycle.
C4 plants fix carbon even when stomata are closed; have an enzyme that can fix CO2 into a 4-carbon sugar.
C3 and C4 plants have their stomata open during the day and CAM plants have their stomata open only at night.

28. Photosynthesis Overview
The source of oxygen produced during photosynthesis is water.
The major atmospheric byproduct of photosynthesis is oxygen.
The source of glucose produced during photosynthesis is carbon dioxide.

30. Factors that Affect Photosynthesis
Light Intensity
Photosynthesis increases as light intensity increases.
Carbon Dioxide Levels
Increasing levels of CO2 increase photosynthesis.
Temperature
Crash Course-Photosynthesis
Virtual Photosynthesis Lab

31. Do Now
During photosynthesis, plants capture light energy from the Sun to break weak bonds in reactants, such as carbon dioxide and water, and form carbon-containing molecules, such as glucose. The carbon-containing molecules can then be used
A. to produce inorganic compounds, such as sulfuric acid.
B. to synthesize essential amino acids.
C. to assemble larger molecules, such as DNA, proteins, and fats.
D. all of these

32. Do Now Write the chemical formula for photosynthesis.
6 H2O + 6 CO2 + Sun  C6H12O6 + 6 O2