Taxonomy & Classification Competency 6

Classification Classification is organizing information into groups based on similar characteristics. Aristotle was the first person to classify living things. Just plants and animals

Carolus Linnaeus Linnaeus’s classification system was divided into kingdoms of plants and animals. (animals with and without backbones) Because of technology, we can determine that some organisms don’t fit in the plant or animal kingdom We have 6 kingdoms of living things.

Six Kingdoms of Life Eubacteria (Domain Eubacteria) Protist Fungus Archaebacteria (Domain Archaea) Eubacteria (Domain Eubacteria) Protist Fungus Plants Animals (Domain Eukarya)

Classification Hierarchy This system is used to organize the many different living things on Earth into categories. Three large groups are called domains: Archaea, Eubacteria, and Eukarya Three Domains of Life Eubacteria Prokaryotes; cell has no nucleus Archaea Prokaryotes; cell has no nucleus; live in extreme environments Eukarya Eukaryotes; cell has a nucleus; Protist, Fungi, Plants, Animals

Each domain is then broken down into smaller groups called kingdoms. Kingdom level is broken down into 6 smaller groups: Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Scientific Name Organisms are called by their scientific name which consists of their genus and species name. Scientific name for a domesticated dog is known as Canis familiaris or Canis familiaris. Common name: dog, mutt, puppy, pup, stray, canine Scientific name: written in Latin; italicized or underlined First name is Genus name and always capital Second name is species name and not capital

Binominal Nomenclature Binomial nomenclature is the system used to identify all organisms on Earth, from elephants to algae. It is the scientific name of the organism.

Terms you MUST know!! Autotrophic: makes own food Heterotrophic: must take in food Multicellular: made of more than one cell Unicellular: made of only one cell Eukaryotic: cells have an enclosed nucleus Prokaryotic: cells that do not have an enclosed nucleus

archaea eubacteria animal Kingdoms protist fungi plant

Kingdom Archaea (bacteria) Prokaryotic, unicellular, heterotrophic and autotrophic Live in extreme environments where other types of bacteria cannot …like hot springs, boiling water, lots of salt

Kingdom Eubacteria (bacteria) Prokaryotic, unicellular, heterotrophic and autotrophic Found in many environments: soil, water and in other living things Common bacteria

Kingdom Protist “catch all” kingdom…they don’t really fit into other kingdoms All are eukaryotic. Some are unicellular and others are multicellular Heterotrophic or autotrophic

Kingdom Fungi Eukaryotic, heterotrophic, can be multicellular or unicellular Unicellular: yeast Multicellular: mushrooms, ringworm

Plant Kingdom Autotrophs, multicellular, eukaryotic Carry out photosynthesis to make food Reproduction: Plants produce seeds, cones or spores Types of plants: Vascular: have organs that transport food and water throughout the plant Nonvascular: do not have organs to transport food and water; usually small plants like true mosses and lichens

Animal Kingdom Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic 2 main groups: Vertebrates: have backbones Invertebrates: do not have backbones

Animal Kingdom Terminology for talking about animals: Asymmetrical exhibit no symmetry No equal divided parts Bilateral symmetry Having two halves that are mirror images Radial symmetry having many lines of symmetry that all pass through a central point

Modern classification is based on evolutionary relationships.

Cladistics is classification based on common ancestry. Phylogeny is the evolutionary history for a group of species. evidence from living species, fossil record, and molecular data shown with branching tree diagrams

Biologists currently group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent, or phylogeny, not just physical similarities. The strategy of grouping organisms is based on evolutionary history and is called evolutionary classification.

Classification Using Cladograms Many biologists now use a method called cladistic analysis. Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members are called derived characters.

Cladistics is a common method to make evolutionary trees. classification based on common ancestry species placed in order that they descended from common ancestor

A cladogram is an evolutionary tree made using cladistics. A clade is a group of species that shares a common ancestor. Each species in a clade shares some traits with the ancestor. Each species in a clade has traits that have changed.

basis of arranging species in cladogram Derived characters are traits shared in different degrees by clade members. FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS Tetrapoda clade 1 Amniota clade 2 Reptilia clade 3 Diapsida clade 4 Archosauria clade 5 EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE SKULL SKULL OPENINGS IN FRONT OF THE EYE & IN THE JAW FEATHERS & TOOTHLESS BEAKS. SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE DERIVED CHARACTER basis of arranging species in cladogram more closely related species share more derived characters represented on cladogram as hash marks

Nodes represent the most recent common ancestor of a clade. FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS CLADE Tetrapoda clade 1 Amniota clade 2 Reptilia clade 3 Diapsida clade 4 Archosauria clade 5 Clades can be identified by snipping a branch under a node. FEATHERS AND TOOTHLESS BEAKS. SKULL OPENINGS IN FRONT OF THE EYE AND IN THE JAW OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE SKULL SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID DERIVED CHARACTER NODE

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Derived characters can be used to construct a cladogram, a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall A cladogram shows the evolutionary relationships between crabs, barnacles, and limpets. Crustaceans Mollusk Crab Barnacle Limpet Early systems of classification grouped organisms together based on visible similarities. That approach might result in classifying limpets and barnacles together. Biologists now group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent, or phylogeny, not just physical similarities. Crabs and barnacles are now grouped together because they share several characteristics that indicate that they are more closely related to each other than either is to limpets. These characteristics include segmented bodies, jointed limbs, and an external skeleton that is shed during growth. Molted external skeleton Segmentation Tiny free-swimming larva Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall DNA Evidence The more similar the DNA of two species, the more recently they shared a common ancestor, and the more closely they are related in evolutionary terms. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Molecular evidence reveals species’ relatedness. Molecular data may confirm classification based on physical similarities. Molecular data may lead scientists to propose a new classification. DNA is usually given the last word by scientists.