European Explorations and Colonization in America Part 2 Ruthie García Vera AP US History

The “Columbian Exchange” Flu Typhus Diptheria Malaria Measles Whooping Cough Smallpox Syphilis

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

The Slave Trade Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. Sugar cane & sugar plantations. First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518. 275,000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries. Between 1600 & 1900, about 10 million Africans were shipped to the Americas.

Slave Ship “Middle Passage”

“Coffin” Position Below Deck

Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World Encomienda or forced labor. Council of the Indies. Viceroy. New Spain and Peru. Papal agreement.

European Empires in the Americas

Father Bartolome de Las Casas New Laws, 1542 The Black Legend

Juan Ponce de Leon Spanish Governor of Puerto Rico. First Spanish Explorer in North America. He explored Florida in search of the fountain of youth.

First Spanish settlement in North America His exploration led to the construction of the Fort of San Augustine, Florida in 1565.

Spanish Fort of Saint Augustine in Florida

ÁAlvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca Spanish conquistador who explored from Florida to the Gulf of Mexico. First European to described the Iguazu falls and to explored the course of the Paraguay River.

Survived his trip to the South of North America by posing as a healer with his African slave Estevanico. He told the story of the Seven Cities of Cibola, cities filled with riches, a myth that accompanied the Spaniards in their process of conquest and colonization of the new world.

Hernando de Soto Governor of Cuba

He explored the American West, taking advantage of the indigenous tribes, still in search of Cibola. De Soto was the first European to cross the Mississippi River. He departed in the 1539 with nine ships and six hundred men, well armed and equipped. In Alabama, De Soto besieged the fortified village of Mabila, inhabited by the Choctaw Indians expecting to find the riches of Cibola and caused more than 1,000 deaths. De Soto died in the following months perhaps because of an infected wound.

Francisco Vazquez de Coronado He traveled in Arizona and New Mexico to the Colorado River and to Kansas.

Discovers the Grand Canyon and the mouth of the Colorado River, the Gulf of California and the Tiguex region, on the banks of the Rio Grande del Norte. Describes the region as: "Plains windswept with strange hairy cows."

Juan de Onate Onate organized an expedition to explore the territory of New Mexico and reached the Rio Grande. He was Governor of New Mexico and established a settlement in San Juan, as a Christian mission. He remained in New Mexico to establish the town of Santa Fe in 1613. He introduced the horse and cattle to the Indian people of the region.

Spanish settlements Pueblos: towns established as commercial centers. Missions: religious communities. Presidios: forts built close to missions or other settlements for their defense.

The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Creoles born in America of Spanish parents mixed white Mestizos Indian race Mulattos mixed black and white race Native Indians Black Slaves brought from Africa

New Colonial Rivals Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean. Spain in Asia consolidated its holdings in the Philippines. First English expedition to the Indies in 1591. Surat in north west India in 1608. Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

New Colonial Rivals

Impact of European Expansion Native populations ravaged by disease. Price Revolution: Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. Columbian Exchange: New products introduced across the continents Deepened colonial rivalries.

Atlantic Explorations