Living with Natural Hazards Geography Revision Living with Natural Hazards What are the causes and effects of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions and how do people prepare for and respond to them?

You need to be able to answer the following questions: What are the primary and secondary effects of earthquakes? What are the primary and secondary effects of volcanic eruptions? How might the effects of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes vary between an LEDC and an MEDC? Use examples to explain your answer. What are the causes of earthquakes? (ie how and why do they happen?) What are the causes of volcanic eruptions? (ie how and why do they happen?) Where do earthquakes and volcanoes occur? Why do earthquakes and volcanoes occur along plate boundaries? Explain the 4 different types of plate boundary. Make sure you can create a diagram of each (include constructive, destructive, conservative, collisions). Why do people live in areas at risk from earthquakes and volcanoes? What are some of the advantages of living in an area which is at risk of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions (include geothermal energy, tourism and fertile soils as a starting point)? Explain why some people choose to stay in, or are unable to move away from an area at risk from earthquakes and volcanic eruptions (use case study examples to back you up). Describe the range of ways in which the damaging effects of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions can be reduced. Why do LEDC’s and MEDC’s use different strategies to reduce the effects of earthquakes and volcanoes? What different strategies do they use? What can be done in the short term (over a short space of time) to respond to an earthquake or volcano? What can be done in the long term (over a short space of time) to respond to an earthquake or volcano? What can be done to predict and prepare for earthquakes and volcanoes? Why can some countries be better prepared than others?

Define the following terms: Primary effect: Secondary effect: Primary and secondary effects – page 62-3 1 What are the primary and secondary effects of earthquakes? 2 What are the primary and secondary effects of volcanic eruptions? 3 How might the effects of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes vary between an LEDC and an MEDC? Use examples to explain your answer. Define the following terms: Primary effect: Secondary effect: Natural Hazard Primary Effects Secondary Effects Volcanic Eruptions Earthquakes Case Study – Tungurahua volcano in Ecuador Aug 2006 note primary effects in one colour and secondary effects in a different colour Case Study - Yogyakarta, Java (Indonesia Earthquake) May 2006 note primary effects in one colour and secondary effects in a different colour

What are tectonic plates? Why do they move? 4 What are the causes of earthquakes? (ie how and why do they happen?) 5 What are the causes of volcanic eruptions? (ie how and why do they happen?) 6 Where do earthquakes and volcanoes occur? 7 Why do earthquakes and volcanoes occur along plate boundaries? Page 64-65 Label the cross section of the earth and describe each layer; crust, mantle, outer core, inner core What are tectonic plates? Why do they move? http://www.bennett.karoo.net/gcse/tectonics.html  

7. Why do earthquakes and volcanoes occur along plate boundaries. 8 7 Why do earthquakes and volcanoes occur along plate boundaries? 8 Explain the 4 different types of plate boundary. Make sure you can create a diagram of each (include constructive, destructive, conservative, collisions). Page 64-5 Draw a simple sketch of each of the different types of plate boundary. Include important key words such as subduction zone Destructive Constructive Conservative Collision Why do earthquakes and volcanoes occur along plate boundaries? http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/natural_hazards/

9. Why do people live in areas at risk from earthquakes and volcanoes 9 Why do people live in areas at risk from earthquakes and volcanoes? 10 What are some of the advantages of living in an area which is at risk of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions (include geothermal energy, tourism and fertile soils as a starting point)? 11 Explain why some people choose to stay in, or are unable to move away from an area at risk from earthquakes and volcanic eruptions (use case study examples to back you up). Page 66-7 Draw a spider diagram to show the benefits of living with tectonic hazards Explain why people choose to stay in or are unable to move away from an area at risk from earthquakes and volcanic eruptions (use case study examples to back you up).

What is earthquake preparedness? 12 Describe the range of ways in which the damaging effects of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions can be reduced. Page 68-9 Design a building to withstand an earthquake, be sure to label the different features of the building What is earthquake preparedness? Build a bridge over the Bay – San Francisco www.eduweb.com/portfolio/bridgetoclassroom/engineeringfor.html  

13. Why do LEDC’s and MEDC’s use different strategies to reduce the effects of earthquakes and volcanoes? What different strategies do they use? Page 70-1 MEDC LEDC What strategies do they use? How do these reduce the effects of earthquakes and volcanoes?

14. What can be done in the short term (over a short space of time) to respond to an earthquake or volcano? 15. What can be done in the long term (over a short space of time) to respond to an earthquake or volcano? Page 70-1 Short Term Long Term Complete the table to show the long term and short term effects of earthquakes and volcanoes – make sure you add a key so you know which are earthquakes and which are volcanoes

16. What can be done to predict and prepare for earthquakes and volcanoes? List all the different things that can be done to prepare for earthquakes and volcanoes. Add a key so you know which are earthquakes and which are volcanoes.

17. Why can some countries be better prepared than others 17. Why can some countries be better prepared than others? Page 68-9, 71 List all the reasons you can think of and write which country they are next to them.

Key words Define the following keywords Definition Primary effect Secondary effect Tsunamis Richter Scale Aftershocks Epicentre Focus Earth’s crust Tectonic plates Mantle Magma Subduction Convection currents Retrofitting Appropriate technology Building code Seismic activity Laser ranging