1. The Restless Earth

2. Unit 1 Physical Geography: The Restless Earth Unit Lessons Why is the earth’s crust so unstable? What happens at plate margins? How are our highest and deepest places created? How do people use an area of fold mountains? How and where are volcanoes created? How do volcanoes affect people? How can we monitor volcanoes and predict eruptions? What is a supervolcano? What are earthquakes and where do they occur? What were the causes, effects and responses to the Kobe earthquake? What were the causes, effects and responses to the Port au Prince earthquake? Why is a tsunami hazardous? Independent study An account of the uses of fold mountains and adapting to life in Livigno, The Alps A report of the eruption of Mount St Helens, USA on 18 th May 1980 A comparison of the earthquakes in Kobe, Japan and Port au Prince, Haiti

3. Why is the earth’s crust so unstable? Learning Objectives To know the structure of the Earth To understand the crust is unstable, especially at plate margins To contrast oceanic and continental crust To describe the distribution of plate margins and tectonic activity Key terms: Crust, plate, plate margin, mantle, oceanic crust, continental crust, convection currents, destructive-subduction boundary, destructive-collision boundary, constructive boundary, conservative boundary L

4. The structure of the Earth Inner core - the centre and hottest part of the Earth. Its solid and made up of iron and nickel. Temperatures up to 5500°C. Its immense heat energy acts like the engine room of the Earth. Outer core - surrounds the inner core. A liquid layer, also made up of iron and nickel. Still extremely hot, temperatures similar to inner core. Mantle - widest section of the Earth. Diameter of approximately 2900km. Made up of semi-molten rock called magma. In the upper parts of the mantle the rock is hard, but lower down the rock is soft and beginning to melt. Crust - outer layer of the earth. A thin layer between 0-60km thick. The crust is split into solid tectonic plates, upon which we live. Convection currents operate in the mantle. These determine which way the plates move.

5. Contrasts between oceanic and continental crust Oceanic crust Newer, most less than 200 million years old Denser Can be subducted (sink) Can be renewed and destroyed Continental crust Older, most over 1500 million years old Less dense Cannot be subducted (sink) Cannot be renewed and destroyed

6. African Plate Indo Australian Plate North American Eurasian Pacific Nazca Antarctic South American The Plates TASK Label your plates map. Remember the plates move (shown by the arrows). They move at the rate your finger nails grow. Direction of plate movement

7. Figure 1 below is a map of the earth’s tectonic plates and the places where earthquakes occur worldwide. Describe how the distribution of earthquakes is linked to the earth’s tectonic plates (3 marks) Exam Technique Describing Distributions Describing distributions is very important in Geography. You need to be able to use this skill in all your GCSE units. When describing a distribution use the acronym H.L.GT.A (highest, lowest areas, general trend, anomalies). Highest frequency of earthquakes around the Pacific Plate. Less earthquakes at this between the North America Plate and the Eurasian Earthquakes occur most where plates are moving towards or sliding past another Less earthquakes when the plates are moving apart

8. Plate margins – types, direction & examples TASK Study map C on page 9. Fill in the table below. Plate MarginDirection of plate Movement Example of plate margin Destructive - subduction Oceanic plate moves into and subducts beneath continental plate Juan de Fuca Plate (oceanic) subducts beneath North American Plate (continental) Destructive – collision Two continental plates collide, both forced upwards (forming fold mountains) Indo-Australian Plate (continental) collides with the Eurasian Plate (forms Himalayas) ConstructiveTwo plates move away from each other (new land created by rising magma) North American Plate and the Eurasian Plate (forms Mid Atlantic Ridge) ConservativeTwo plates slide past one another (neither is destroyed) North American Plate slides past the Pacific Plate (forms San Andreas Fault) Click to reveal the answers…

9. Questions 1.Draw simple labelled diagram contrasting oceanic and continental crust. Be sure to give three differences between oceanic and continental crust. (4 marks) 2.What are convection currents? How do they drive the movement of plates above? (3 marks) 3.Describe how the distribution of earthquakes is linked to the earth’s tectonic plates (3 marks) 4.At which plate margins do earthquakes occur at most frequently? (2 marks) Use pages 8 and 9 to help you with these questions