Foreign and domestic tensions and issues COLD WAR Foreign and domestic tensions and issues

Cold War, 1945-1991 A series of conflicts, compromises, and competitions between the capitalist US and the communist Soviet Union to influence other countries into allying with one side or the other

Satellite nations Countries in Eastern Europe under Soviet control

containment Trying to restrict the expansion of Soviet communism

Baruch Plan, 1946 Call for special international agency with the authority to inspect any country’s atomic-energy plants

Atomic Energy Act, 1946 Created the Atomic Energy Commission to oversee nuclear weapons research and to promote peacetime use of atomic energy

Truman Doctrine, 1947 Policy of supporting people who are resisting attempted conquest by armed minorities or by outside pressures

Marshall Plan, 1948 European Recovery Program in which the US provided billions of dollars in economic aid for Europe to prevent the spread of communism

Berlin Airlift, June 1948-May 1949 US, England, and France planned to combine their German zones SU was angry and blocked all entry into Berlin Western leaders airlifted food and supplies to Berlin for 10 months

NATO, 1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization Military alliance originally formed by democratic nations Now includes some former Soviet bloc nations

Warsaw Pact, 1955—Soviet response to NATO; USSR created a military alliance with other communist countries

China becomes Communist under Mao Zedong in 1949

Korean War US enters a war in Korea, 1950-1953; country eventually divided along 38th parallel between communist and anti-communist forces

brinkmanship Using the threat of massive military retaliation going to the brink of war in order to stop communism from spreading

CIA Central Intelligence Agency Created in 1947 Gathers information secretly Still active today

U-2 incident, 1960 Francis Gary Powers was shot down by the SU while spying Heightened tensions between the US and SU

Meanwhile… On the Home Front…

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) Investigated people who might be against the government, particularly communists

Hollywood Ten, 1947 People in Hollywood who refused to testify before HUAC and were jailed and later blacklisted

Alger Hiss, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Hiss—jailed in 1950 for supposedly being a Soviet spy and lying under oath Rosenbergs—executed in 1953 for selling secrets to the Soviets

Internal Security Act, 1950 Communist Party members must register with the government Strict controls on immigrants suspected of being communists

Joseph McCarthy, 1950 Claimed he had a list of supposed communists in the State Department Ruined many careers

Hydrogen bomb 1952 (US), 1953 (SU) Much more powerful than the atomic bomb First test vaporized an entire island

Sputnik, 1957 First satellite launched into space By Soviet Union Heightened the space race

National Defense Education Act Passed in 1958 in response to Sputnik Money for training in science, math and languages

NASA Established in 1958 National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Other notable Cold War events Castro comes to power in Cuba, 1959 Bay of Pigs invasion, 1961 Berlin Wall, 1961-1989 Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, 1972 Fall of the Soviet Union, 1991