پرتوهای غیریونساز دکتر میرشهرام حسینی پناه

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Presentation transcript:

پرتوهای غیریونساز دکتر میرشهرام حسینی پناه انجمن حفاظت در برابر اشعه ایران http://www.irps.org.ir/

طیف پرتوهای الکترومغناطیسی )پرتوهای یونساز و غیریونساز( طیف پرتوهای الکترومغناطیسی )پرتوهای یونساز و غیریونساز(

اصول حفاظت در برابر اشعه کلیه فعالیت های پرتویی، طبق اصولی که کمیسیون جهانی حفاظت در برابر اشعه (ICRP) در نشریه شماره 60 به چاپ رسانیده است باید انجام شود: توجیه پذیری یک فعالیت: سود آن برای افراد و جامعه بیشتر از زیان آن باشد؛ بهینه سازی حفاظت: مقدار پرتوگیری افراد و تعداد افراد تحت تابش پرتو باید به کمترین مقدار منطقی قابل دستیابی با در نظر داشتن مسایل اقتصادی و اجتماعی کاهش یابد. As Low As Reasonably Achievable حد پرتوگیری افراد: به جز در موارد پزشکی و با در نظر داشتن دو اصل قبلی پرتوگیری افراد نباید از حدود پرتوگیری ذکر شده در استانداردها بیشتر شود.

ARPANSA

Note As described in the rationale, the basic restrictions have been derived by examining the RF exposures that cause established health effects. There is currently a level of concern about RF exposure, which is not fully alleviated by existing scientific data. It is true that data regarding biological effects, at levels below the limits specified in the Standard, are incomplete and inconsistent. The health implications for these data are not known and such data could not be used for setting the levels of the basic restrictions in the Standard.

دسته بندی آژانس بین المللی پژوهش بر سرطان دسته بندی آژانس بین المللی پژوهش بر سرطان Group 1 Carcinogenic to humans 119 agents Group 2A Probably carcinogenic to humans   81 Group 2B         Possibly carcinogenic to humans 292 Group 3 Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans             505 Group 4 Probably not carcinogenic to humans     1

فرکانس های به شدت کم (ELF) (کمتر از 300 هرتز) میدان های مغناطیسی با فرکانس به شدت پایین ممکن است در انسان ایجاد سرطان کند. (گروه B2( میدان های الکتریکی و مغناطیسی ساکن و میدان های الکتریکی مغناطیسی با فرکانس به شدت پایین در دسته بندی سرطان زا برای انسان قرار نمی گیرند. گروه 3)

گوشی موبایل The  number  of  mobile  phone  subscriptions  is  estimated  at  7  billion  globally. (2016) The IARC Monograph Working Group discussed  the  possibility  that  these  exposures might  induce  long‐term  health  effects, in particular an increased risk for cancer. This has relevance for public health, particularly for  users  of  mobile  phones,  as  the number  of  users  is  large  and  growing, particularly among  young  adults  and  children.  

International Commission on Non-Ionizing radiation The critical effect of HF (100kHz-300GHz) exposure relevant to human health and safety is heating of exposed tissue. HF fields can penetrate into the body (the higher the frequency, the lower the penetration depth) and cause vibration of charged or polar molecules inside. This results in friction and thus heat.

International Commission on Non-Ionizing radiation The human body can adjust to small temperature increases in the same way as it does when undertaking exercise and performing sporting activities. This is because the body can regulate its internal temperature. However, above a certain level (referred to as the threshold) depending on the duration, HF exposure and the accompanying temperature rise, can provoke serious health effects, such as heatstroke and tissue damage (burns).

International Commission on Non-Ionizing radiation Acute and long-term effects of HF exposure below the thermal threshold have been studied extensively without showing any conclusive evidence of adverse health effects.

International Commission on Non-Ionizing radiation The power of a base station varies (typically between 10 and 50 watts) depending on the area that needs to be covered and the number of calls processed. This is low compared to other transmitters such as radio and television, which usually work at power levels ranging from several kilowatts to several megawatts.

International Commission on Non-Ionizing radiation In general, the field strength decreases very rapidly with distance from the source and can be calculated (as the inverse square of the distance). Personal exposure to HF fields from base stations is different to that from mobile phones.

International Commission on Non-Ionizing radiation HF exposure from mobile phones is mostly limited in time and is largest in the head or in those parts of the body close to where the phone is held. By contrast, base stations are a source of continuous whole-body exposure. This exposure is less intense than from a mobile phone, but occurs whether a mobile phone is being used or not.

International Commission on Non-Ionizing radiation Assessments of personal exposure levels are most accurately achieved through onsite field measurements. Theoretical calculations are also common but are complicated by the many factors that influence the actual exposure such as the height, tilt and direction of antenna, absorption from trees and plants or reflections from buildings, as well as distance. Distance alone is not a reliable proxy for exposure from a base station.

High frequency fields have the ability to penetrate the human body (though the higher the frequency, the lower the depth of penetration), with the main effect of this being a rise in temperature in the exposed tissue.

The ICNIRP guidelines give general recommendations regarding HF exposure. These provide limitations, expressed in terms of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), for the absorption of energy from HF fields. Distinct SAR values apply to whole-body exposure, which is typical from base stations, and for the head, which is relevant for exposures from mobile phones.

اختلال در عملکرد اعصاب محیطی 20 تا 300 مگاهرتز محدوده فرکانس تغییرات دربافت نوع اثرگذاری کمتر از 20 مگاهرتز جریان القایی اختلال در عملکرد اعصاب محیطی 20 تا 300 مگاهرتز جریان القایی و جذب انرژی (SAR) جریان القایی وابسته به شدت میدانهای الکترومغناطیسی درون بافت است. در صورت یکنواخت بودن میدانهای الکتریکی در محیط، میدان الکتریکی داخل بدن بسیار ناهمگون است و به همین دلیل تخمین مقدار جریان القا شده در هر بافت بسیار دشوار است. بافت های مختلف بدن از نظر ساختار مشابه نیستند، لذا جذب انرژی آنها در میدان متفاوت است. افزایش جذب انرژی در بافت، افزایش دمای بافت را در پی دارد. حساسیت بافت های مختلف به افزایش دما متفاوت است. 300 مگا تا 10 گیگاهرتز جریان القایی ضعیف و جذب انرژی اغلب اثرات بیولوژیکی شناخته شده، وابسته به SAR است. ناهمگونی در جذب انرژی توسط بافتهای بدن مشاهده شده. آسیب پذیری همه بافت ها در میدان مشابه نیست بالاتر از 10 گیگاهرتز جذب انرژی عمق نفوذ انرژی کم است و جذب انرژی سطحی زیاد است. عمدتا بر پوست و چشم اثر می­گذارند

پرتو های فرابنفش تاثیر بر پوست (برنزه شدن پوست، آفتاب سوختگی، حساسیت به نور، چروک شدن پوست، سرطان پوست) تاثیر بر چشم Photokeratitis and photoconjunctivitis Pterygium Cataracts Cancer of the eye تاثیر بر سیستم ایمنی بدن

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