Nature of Science

What is Science the knowledge obtained by observing natural events and conditions in order to discover facts and formulate laws or principles that can be verified or tested Scientists perform investigations to find a new aspect of the natural world, explain a known phenomenon, to validate other findings or to test predictions.

What is Science begins with Curiosity and ends with disco very Scientists answer questions by investigating Scientists plan experiments Scientists observe Scientists always confirm results

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (1845-1923) What is Science Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (1845-1923) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PTGmmipTjkc

What is Science Roentgen discovered this unknown radiation ray: X ray, through several repeated experiments, to validate his findings. His results caused him to think of new questions and to do more experiments to find to find the answers to these questions. What were some of these findings? How far can X rays travel & what materials can they or cannot pass through

Science & Technology Use of knowledge to solve practical problems. Science and technology are interdependent Advances in one lead to advances in the other

Science & Technology

Branches of science How is science organized?

Branches of science

Scientific laws vs theory What are scientific theories, and how are they different from scientific laws? Theories explain why something happens, laws explain how something works. • Law: a descriptive statement or equation that reliably predicts events under certain conditions Theory: a system of ideas that explains many related observations and is supported by a large body of evidence acquired through scientific investigation

Experimental results support laws and theories Scientific theories are always being questioned and examined. To be valid, a theory must: explain observations be repeatable be predictable

Scientific law, theory & hypothesis Study.com Chapter 1 – Lesson 3

Scientific law, theory & hypothesis Which of the following statements about scientific theories is wrong? A) Theories are simple suggestions made on a whim by curious people B) Theories are used to explain why natural phenomena occur C) Theories can change if new evidence arrives D) Theories are based on sets of hypothesis

Scientific law, theory & hypothesis Once a hypothesis is generated, what is the best next step? A) Test the hypothesis through experimentation. B) Wait to see if someone comes up with a better one. C) Assume it is a fact D) Submit it to the committee for establishment of scientific law.

Scientific law, theory & hypothesis In an experiment, any factor that can change is called a VARIABLE A variable that causes a change in another is called a Manipulated Variable . If such variable is not affected by another variable then it is said to “stand alone” and is termed Independent Variable. A variable that changes in response to the manipulated variable is called the Responding Variable. Such variables are said to “depend” on another to change, therefore also known as a Dependent Variable

Models Theories and laws are always being tested. Models can represent physical events. model: a representation of an object or event that can be studied to understand the real object or event Scientists use conceptual, physical, and computer models to study objects and events. We use models in our everyday lives

Conceptial Physical Mathematical Models Make it easier to understand things that might be too difficult to observe directly. Computer models can show Earth moving Allows to see things that are too small (atoms) Allows to see situations that are dangerous or not possible to show. (ocean floor) Conceptial Physical Mathematical

Models: representation of object or system Physical: Models you can touch Look like the real thing Do have limitations Look like but are not the real thing airplanes, drawings, cell, volcanoes, steam engine, skyscraper

Physical Model

Virtual model Human Immunodeficiency Virus model

Animated model (Zika Virus) http://visual-science.com/projects/zika/animation/

Models: representation of object or system Conceptual: systems of ideas, making comparisons with familiar things to help illustrate or explain Model of system of ideas Big Bang Theory Continental drift System of ideas and hypothesis Supported through the scientific method

Models representation of object or system Mathematical: are made up of mathematical equations and data Simple models – formula for how fast a car goes Complex models (computer) – population growth Examples: Chemical equations Weather predictions, Punnett square

representation of object or system [model] Scientists who study the Earth’s atmosphere have developed mathematical climate models Models have lots of data Levels of Carbon dioxide Land and ocean temperatures Cloud types and cloud cover Snow and ice cover Ocean currents

Models representation of object or system These mathematical models don’t make exact predictions about future climates, but they do make estimates Examples Global warming Ice Age