A Couple of Brain Busters! What is Earth Science? Why should we study Earth Science?

What is Earth Science? Areas of Study: a) Geology b) Oceanography Definition: The study of our planet, its changing systems, and its setting in the universe. Areas of Study: a) Geology b) Oceanography c) Meteorology d) Astronomy

Prologue The Nature of Change

Observations Definition: Information obtained from any of our five senses 1) Sight 2) Smell 3) Taste 4) Touch 5) Hearing

Instruments

Inferences

Classification Definition: The grouping of objects or events based on observable properties.

Graphing – A Way To Show Data

Types of Graphs Pie Chart Bar/Line Graphs

Components of a Graph

Bar Graph Practice

Line Graph Practice

Types of Graph Relationships 1) Direct Relationships Both Variables Increase

Types of Graph Relationships 2) Indirect Relationships (or Inverse Relationships) Independent Variable Increases Dependent Variable Decreases

Changes that are predictable and repetitive 3. Cyclic- Examples: 4. Non-cyclic- Changes that are predictable and repetitive Moon phases, tides, seasons Changes that are NOT predictable and repetitive EQ occurrence, volcanic eruptions, weather

Earth Science Math - Rounding Steps 1) Determine what digit you are rounding to? 2) Increase it by 1 if the next digit is 5 or more (this is called rounding up) 3) Leave it the same if the next digit is 4 or less (this is called rounding down)

Exponential Notation Mathematical shorthand for very large or small numbers 321,442,385 or 0.00000536

Steps 1) Take the first 3 real numbers and insert a decimal point 2) Add a “x 10” to the 3 digit number 3) Count the # of places the decimal point has moved and add as a superscript 4) When the decimal moves to the left the exponent is positive; when it moves to the left the exponent is negative

Try One! 321,442,385

Step 1 3.21

Step 2 3.21 x 10

Step 3 Count the number of places the decimal point has moved from the original number and add the super script! 321,442,385

What did you get? 3.21 x 108

Try Another One! 0.00000536

Step 1 5.36

Step 2 5.36 x 10

Step 3 Count the number of places the decimal point has moved from the original number and add the super script! 0.00000536

What did you get? 5.36 x 10-6

Calculations 1. Rate of Change =

Practice: If the air temperature is 53 F at 6 am and at 12 noon the air temperature rises to 85 F, what is the change in air temperature over this time period? Use E:S:A.

Practice E: Rate of Change = Change in Field Value Time S: A:

Percent Deviation In measuring a chocolate bar, a student % Error = difference from accepted value x100 accepted value In measuring a chocolate bar, a student found its length to be 1.9 meters. If the accepted value is 2.0 meters, what is the percent deviation of the student’s measurement?

E: % Error = difference from accepted value x 100 accepted value S: A:

1. Instrument used to measure mass: Electronic Balance Density A. Mass: The amount of matter in an object 1. Instrument used to measure mass: Electronic Balance 2. Units of measurement: grams

Volume = Length x Width x Height B. Volume: 1. Determined by water displacement or Volume = Length x Width x Height The amount of space an object occupies. 2. Instrument used to measure volume: Ruler or Graduated Cylinder 3. Units of measurement cm3 or ml

Density Definition: The ratio between the mass and the volume of a substance. Formula:

Practice Problems: use E:S:A What is the density of a rock that has a mass of 35 grams and a volume of 7.0 cubic centimeters?

Density Pyramid

Mountains up here and……….. Deserts and valleys down here.

M V D Now draw a triangle……… And draw these lines Insert M for mountains, D for deserts and V for valleys M V D

Practice! A substance has a mass of 345 grams and a density of 3 g/ml. What is the volume of the substance? Show your work-ESA

Practice! A substance has a volume of 268 ml and a density of 4 g/ml. What is the mass of the substance? Show your work-ESA.

3. Factors affecting Density: A. Temperature: As temperature increases, volume increases and density decreases. This is an indirect relationship. Density Temperature

B. Pressure: As pressure increases, volume decreases and density increases. This is a direct relationship. Density Pressure

4. Does size affect density? No, no matter how large or small, or what shape an object has, density remains the same. Density Size

An unknown sample has a density of 6. 0 grams/cubic centimeters An unknown sample has a density of 6.0 grams/cubic centimeters. If the sample is cut in half, each half would have a density of….

Phases of Matter and Density A. Density changes with the phase of matter. 2.Solids are most dense, gases are least dense. 3. Water is an exception, its highest density is in the liquid phase at a temperature of 3.98oC.

6. Density and Flotation: B A C water D Compare the densities of blocks A, B, C, and D with that of water. A- C- B- D- Less Dense Equal to Greater Than Less Dense

Using your ESRT, find the densities of the following: continental crust- oceanic crust- stiffer mantle- outer core- inner core- Moon- Venus- Sun- Saturn- Mars-

1. crust, mantle, outer core, inner core According to the ESRT and your completed chart above, in which group are the zones of the Earth’s interior correctly arranged in order of increasing average density? 1. crust, mantle, outer core, inner core 2. crust, mantle, inner core, outer core 3. inner core, outer core, mantle, crust 4. outer core, inner core, mantle, crust