1. Introduction to Earth Science
Prologue

2. INTRODUCTION TO EARTH SCIENCE
-study of Earth’s systems
Includes:

5. Includes:
-meteorology

7. Includes:
-meteorology
-astronomy

11. Includes:
-meteorology
-astronomy
-geology

13. Includes:
1) meteorology
2) astronomy
3) geology
4) oceanography

14. OBSERVATION-
-Use senses for information
-We use INSTRUMENTS to extend the senses

18. OBSERVATION-
-Use senses for information
-We use INSTRUMENTS to extend the senses
INFERENCE-
-make a conclusion (guess)
-making sense of observations

23. CLASSIFICATION-
-arranging into groups
-helps organize information

24. Scientific notation-
“shorthand” for numbers
Example:
3.0 x 103 =
3.0 x (10x10x10) = 3000

25. Do now:
3.5 x 103 = ______________
8.6 x 105 =_______________
7.4 x 102 =_______________

26. 80,000 = x 104 =
520,000,000 =
42,000,000,000,000=

28. PERCENT ERROR-
-how wrong you are

29. ? Accepted value = correct answer Measured value = your guess
Temperature?
Accepted value - measured value
PCT ERROR = x 100%
accepted value

30. ? Temperature? Accepted value - measured value
PCT ERROR = x 100%
accepted value

31. There are 495 jellybeans. Accepted value - measured value
PCT ERROR = x 100%
accepted value

32. Practice:
A student measures a table to be 1.9m long. In reality it is 2.0m long. What is the percent error of the student?
2.0 – 1.9 X 100 = 5%
2.0

33. A student measures a room to be 6. 9m. If the actual length is 7
A student measures a room to be 6.9m. If the actual length is 7.5m, the student’s percent error is?
7.5 – 6.9 X 100 = 8%
7.5

34. A student determines the volume of a cube to be 8. 6cm3
A student determines the volume of a cube to be 8.6cm3. The correct volume is really 8.0cm3. What is the student’s percent error?
8.6 – X = 7.5%
8.0

35. Graphs -
A visual way to present data
Types of graphs:
-line graphs

36. Types of graphs:
-line graphs
Uses coordinates (x and y axis)

37. Types of graphs: -line graphs direct indirect or inverse cyclic
relationship relationship relationship

38. Rules for making graphs:
1) The graph should be as simple and easy to read as possible.

39. Rules for making graphs:
On each axis, equal intervals must represent equal changes

40. Rules for making graphs:
3) Time is always plotted on the “x” (horizontal) axis

41. Rules for making graphs:
4) When possible, make best fit line(s)

42. Rules for making graphs:
5) Fit the graph to the paper. Make it large enough to fit most of the paper.

43. Rules for making graphs:
6) Label each axis with quantity and units

44. Rules for making graphs:
7) The graph should make sense.

45. Can you find the error in this graph?
Should be a line graph

46. Line should not start at zero
Neither axis is labeled with units

47. Labels on axis switched

48. Graph does not fit line
Vertical axis does not increase evenly

49. DENSITY

50. Density-
-how “heavy” an object is compared to an object of the same size
mass
Density =
volume
units for mass = g
units for volume = cm3 or ml
units for density = g/cm or g/ml

51. example:
volume of cube = 40cm3
mass of cube = g
density = ?

52. but…..

53. But…What if you cut the cube in half?
Do now:
volume = 40cm3 20cm3
mass = 70g g
density = _______________
**the density of an object doesn’t change**

54. volume of rectangle = _____ mass of rectangle = 100g density = ?
Example #2:
volume of rectangle = _____ mass of rectangle = 100g
density = ?
4 cm
2 cm
3 cm
Volume = length x width x height

55. Which is more dense?

56. Which is more dense?

57. Which is more dense?

58. Which is more dense?

59. Which is more dense?

60. Average densities:
-water = 1 g/cm3 at 4o C
*** below 4oC the density of water decreases. Above 4oC, the density of water increases
-Ice 0.5 g/cm3
-Earth = 5.5 g/cm3
-Saturn = 0.7 g/cm3
-human = ?

61. -How fast something changes change in value
rate of change-
-How fast something changes
change in value
rate of change =
change in time

62. example:
From 3:00 pm to 6:00 pm the air temperature falls from 85oF to 79oF. What is the rate of change for temperature during this time?
Rate of change =

63. Do now:
In 60 years, the shoreline at Rye Beach has shrunk by 30 inches. What is the rate of change for the shoreline?

66. Some changes are cyclic.
Examples: