Geography, History, and the Social Sciences The American Nation Chapter 1 Geography, History, and the Social Sciences Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Chapter 1: Geography, History, and the Social Sciences The American Nation Chapter 1: Geography, History, and the Social Sciences Section 1: Thinking Geographically Section 2: Land and Climates of the United States Section 3: The Tools of History Section 4: Economics and Other Social Sciences Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Thinking Geographically Chapter 1, Section 1 How do the five themes of geography help define the connections between geography and history? How did geography influence population trends in United States history? How are maps made and used?

What is Geography? Chapter 1, Section 1 Geography is the study of people, their environments, and their resources.

The Five Themes of Geography Chapter 1, Section 1

Looking at the Five Themes Chapter 1, Section 1 Location Exact location describes a place on a grid of numbered lines on a map or a globe. Lines of longitude measure distance east and west of the Prime Meridian. Lines of latitude measure distance north and south from the Equator. Relative location describes one place in relation to another place.

Looking at the Five Themes Chapter 1, Section 1 Place Physical features—climate, soil, vegetation, animal life, bodies of water, and natural resources, for example. Human features—types of housing, transportation, jobs, languages, and religions, for example. Interaction People adapt to the land People change the land, through crops, irrigation, pest control, and drilling for oil, for example Natural resources—materials humans take from the environment to satisfy their needs Irrigation—bringing water to dry lands

Looking at the Five Themes Chapter 1, Section 1 Movement People Goods Ideas Regions Unifying physical characteristics-climates, landforms Unifying human characteristics-language, culture

Geography and Population Trends Chapter 1, Section 1 Late 1700s—People lived along the Atlantic coast or near other water transportation. Early 1800s—With new forms of transportation, people moved westward and cleared land for farms. Late 1800s—White settlers overcame Native Americans and settled the West. Mid 1900s—People were attracted to cities with mild climates in the south and west.

Cartographers Make Maps and Globes Chapter 1, Section 1 Cartographers make maps using different map projections for different purposes. Cartographer—mapmaker Map projections—ways to show the earth on a flat surface. Types of map projections are Mercator and Robinson Cartographers make different types of maps for different purposes. Physical maps show physical features such as mountains and bodies of water. Political maps show countries, states, and capitals and other cities. Thematic maps deal with specific topics-population, rainfall, vegetation, or elections, for example.

Section 1 Assessment Which is the best definition of “geography”? Chapter 1, Section 1 Which is the best definition of “geography”? a) learning the countries and their capitals b) study of rocks and rock formations c) studying ways to show the earth on a flat surface d) study of the connection between people and the natural environment. The main purpose of a thematic map is to show ______. a) mountain ranges and bodies of water b) special information such as rainfall or population c) boundaries of states and countries d) capitals and other cities Want to connect to the American Nation link for this section? Click here.

Section 1 Assessment Which is the best definition of “geography”? Chapter 1, Section 1 Which is the best definition of “geography”? a) learning the countries and their capitals b) study of rocks and rock formations c) studying ways to show the earth on a flat surface d) study of the connection between people and the natural environment. The main purpose of a thematic map is to show ______. a) mountain ranges and bodies of water b) special information such as rainfall or population c) boundaries of states and countries d) capitals and other cities Want to connect to the American Nation link for this section? Click here.

Lands and Climates of the United States Chapter 1, Section 2 What are the main physical regions of the United States? How do rivers and lakes affect American life? How do climates vary across the United States?

Where is the United States? Chapter 1, Section 2 Arctic Ocean and Canada to the north. Atlantic Ocean to the east. Pacific Ocean to the west. Mexico, Central America, and the Isthmus of Panama to the South. Isthmus—narrow strip of land linking two larger areas of land

Looking at Physical Regions of the United States Chapter 1, Section 2 Region Where What Pacific Coast West Coast from Alaska to Mexico High mountain ranges and valleys Intermountain Region East of the Pacific Coast mountains Rugged mountain peaks, high plateaus, deep canyons, deserts Rocky Mountains From Alaska through Canada into the western United States Many mountain ranges, highest in North America, some peaks with elevation over 14,000 feet Interior Plains Between the Rockies and the Appalachians Lowlands; include the Great Plains and Central Plains Elevation—height above sea level

Looking at Physical Regions of the United States Chapter 1, Section 2 Region Where What Appalachian Mountains In the East from Canada to Georgia and Mississippi Mountains lower and less rugged than the Rockies Canadian Shield Eastern Canada, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota Erosion has reduced high mountains to low hills and plains Coastal Plains Between the Atlantic Ocean and the Appalachians Coastal lowland area, includes the Atlantic Plain and the Gulf Plain Hawaiian Islands In the Pacific Ocean many miles west of California Chain of tropical islands, the tops of undersea volcanoes Erosion - gradual wearing away

How Rivers and Lakes Affect American Life Chapter 1, Section 2 Provide water for farmlands Serve as a means of transportation Used as political boundaries

Famous American Waterways Chapter 1, Section 2 Mississippi-Missouri River System Main branches Mississippi River Missouri River Tributaries Ohio River Tennessee River Arkansas River Platte River Other major rivers Colorado River Hudson River Rio Grande Great Lakes Superior Michigan Huron Erie Ontario Tributary—stream or smaller river that flows into a larger one

Climate and Weather Words Chapter 1, Section 2 Weather—condition of the atmosphere at any given time or place Climate—the average weather of a place over 20 or 30 years Precipitation—water that falls as rain, sleet, hail, or snow Altitude—height of the land above sea level

How Climates Vary Type of Climate Where Characteristics Marine Chapter 1, Section 2 Type of Climate Where Characteristics Marine Pacific Northwest Mild, moist ocean air; warm summers; cool winters Mediterranean California Mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers Highland Cascades, Sierra Nevada, Rocky Mountains Varies according to altitude; cooler than surrounding lowland Desert Southwestern United States Hot days; cold nights; little rain Steppe Great Plains Hot summers; cold winters; little rain

How Climates Vary Type of Climate Where Characteristics Chapter 1, Section 2 Type of Climate Where Characteristics Humid Continental Central Plains and northeastern United States Mild summers, cold winters; much rain Tropical Southern Florida and Hawaii Hot; humid Humid Subtropical Southeastern United States Warm; regular rain Tundra Northern and western Alaska Cold year-round Subarctic Rest of Alaska, northern Canada Long, cold winters; short summers

Section 2 Assessment Chapter 1, Section 2 Mostly, what do geographers use to divide the country into physical regions? a) distance from the Equator b) landforms c) climate d) bodies of water Mostly, what feature or features define an area’s climate? a) what physical region it’s in b) lakes and river system c) ocean and wind currents d) temperature and precipitation Want to connect to the American Nation link for this section? Click here.

Section 2 Assessment Chapter 1, Section 2 Mostly, what do geographers use to divide the country into physical regions? a) distance from the Equator b) landforms c) climate d) bodies of water Mostly, what feature or features define an area’s climate? a) what physical region it’s in b) lakes and river system c) ocean and wind currents d) temperature and precipitation Want to connect to the American Nation link for this section? Click here.

The Tools of History Chapter 1, Section 3 How do historians evaluate and interpret historical evidence? How do archaeologists add to our knowledge of history? What can we learn about history by understanding chronology and eras?

Historians Evaluate and Interpret Historical Evidence Chapter 1, Section 3 Collecting Evidence Primary sources—firsthand information—official documents, public speeches, eyewitness accounts, for example Secondary sources—accounts by people who did not witness an event; based on primary sources—textbook, encyclopedia, biographies, for example Evaluating Evidence Authenticity—whether the source is what it seems to be Reliability—whether the source is accurate Bias—leaning toward or against a certain person, group, or idea Interpreting Evidence Determine the cause of a development or event Historians have their own biases

Archaeologists Add to Our Knowledge of History Chapter 1, Section 3 Archaeologists Add to Our Knowledge of History Archaeology is the study of evidence left by early people Archaeologists Study Artifacts Archaeologists form theories about the cultures of ancient peoples Archaeology—study of evidence left by early people in order to find out about their way of life. Artifact—objects made by humans, such as tools and weapons. Culture—a people’s way of life—home, economy, government, for example.

Understanding Chronology Chapter 1, Section 3 Chronology Chronology—sequence of events over time Absolute chronology—exact time, in centuries, years, days, and so forth Relative chronology—time of an event in relation to the time of another event

Section 3 Assessment Chapter 1, Section 3 Which of these items is not usually considered a primary source? a) official documents b) eyewitness accounts c) encyclopedias d) diaries The sequence of events over time is called ________. a) archaeology b) chronology c) culture d) artifacts Want to connect to the American Nation link for this section? Click here.

Section 3 Assessment Chapter 1, Section 3 Which of these items is not usually considered a primary source? a) official documents b) eyewitness accounts c) encyclopedias d) diaries The sequence of events over time is called ________. a) archaeology b) chronology c) culture d) artifacts Want to connect to the American Nation link for this section? Click here.

Economics and Other Social Sciences Chapter 1, Section 4 What basic questions do economists ask about society? What are the benefits of free enterprise? How can the social sciences support the study of history?

Economists Ask Three Basic Questions About Society Chapter 1, Section 4 What goods and services should we produce? Food, shelter, clothing Consumer goods Construction, transportation Services—education, for example How should we produce them? Small enterprises Large factories and farms For whom should we produce them? Cash economy Economics—the study of how people manage their limited resources to satisfy their wants and needs Consumer—user of goods and services Cash economy—economic system where people exchange money for goods and services

Benefits of a Free Enterprise System Chapter 1, Section 4 Characteristics of a Free Enterprise System Government plays a limited role in the economy. Private citizens own businesses, decide what to make, how much to make, where to sell, and what to charge. Businesses compete. Benefits of a Free Enterprise System The “know-how” of many individuals contributes to national prosperity. Consumers have freedom of choice. The choices people make influence what is made, how much, and at what price.

Other Social Sciences Support the Study of History Chapter 1, Section 4 Social Science Study of... Example Political Science Government How Americans created the Constitution Civics Rights and responsibilities of citizens Freedom of speech, worship, and assembly; voting, military service Anthropology How peoples and cultures develop How first Americans spread across the continent Sociology How people behave in groups Comparing life in a farming community with life in a big city Psychology How people think and behave Understanding the views and biases in a primary source Social sciences—studies that relate to human society and social behavior

Section 4 Assessment Economists ask questions about _________. Chapter 1, Section 4 Economists ask questions about _________. a) production of goods and services b) rights and responsibilities of citizens c) sequence of events over time d) how people behave in groups Under the free enterprise system, ____________. a) government controls the economy b) competition is discouraged c) consumers influence the economy through the choices they make d) resources are unlimited Want to connect to the American History link for this section? Click here.

Section 4 Assessment Economists ask questions about _________. Chapter 1, Section 4 Economists ask questions about _________. a) production of goods and services b) rights and responsibilities of citizens c) sequence of events over time d) how people behave in groups Under the free enterprise system, ____________. a) government controls the economy b) competition is discouraged c) consumers influence the economy through the choices they make d) resources are unlimited Want to connect to the American History link for this section? Click here.