Parts of Speech and Miscellaneous *Phrases GRAMMAR REVIEW Parts of Speech and Miscellaneous *Phrases *Phrases are groups of words that work as one part of speech

Noun Pronoun Verb Adjective A word that names a person, place, thing, idea or activity Dr. Parsons, student, professor, rabbits, steak, potatoes, school, house, computer, swimming (an activity), sewing (an activity) Who? What? Pronoun   A word that takes the place of a noun He, she, it, we, you, they, him, her, they, this, that, these, anyone, everyone Verb A word that shows action or has the same meaning as the word “equal” Runs, studies, talks, thinks, sleeps, is, are, was, will be Adjective A word that describes a noun or pronoun Ten fingers     Her hat              Little money       The tall man Red wagon         Ally's dog Tom is patient Jane was sad How many? How much? Which one? What kind? Whose?

Adverb BOYSFAN: coordinating conj. But, or, yet, so, for, and, nor   A word that describes a verb, adjective or adverb Slowly moved Study today Went home Very tired How?  When? Where? Why? To what extent or degree? Under what condition? Conjunction A word that connects or joins words, phrases or sentences BOYSFAN: coordinating conj. But, or, yet, so, for, and, nor Subordinating conjunctions: because, when, since, that Preposition A word that establishes a relationship between two words in the sentence In, on, to, from, around, with, for, up, down: the man in the red house The preposition "in" relates the man to the house Interjection A word that shows emotion and has no grammatical relationship Hey! Wow! Oh! Well,

Prepositional Phrase Ex. (1) preposition (2) any modifiers (3) its object Ex. Reach for the catnip ball (1) behind (2) the green (3) couch. Bring the book to me.

Some commonly used prepositions are… In For By Through From Out During Before After Under Around Along With Before But (meaning except) Near

Punctuation Hint… Use a comma after two or more introductory prepositional phrases. By the light of the moon, we went on an old-fashioned hayride.

Appositives Consists of a noun and its modifiers which stands beside another noun, renames it, and adds new information. Ex. My mother, the woman with the tan face, must have blinked as the shutter snapped.

Punctuation Hint… The only time appositives are not set off by commas is if the noun is closely related to the noun it is modifying and is essential. My brother Matt has the cutest son. [I have more than one brother] Have you ever seen the movie Home Alone? [specifies the particular movie]

VERBALS A VERBAL used to be a verb. Now it is a different part of speech. There are three kinds of verbals: Participles Gerunds Infinitives

Participles (ADJECTIVES)

The sliding cat crashed into the cans.

What is a participle? A participle is a form of a verb that functions as an adjective. Ex. The cagey cat consumed a crumbling crumbcake. Crumbling is the participle because it is a verb describing a noun—crumbcake.

Types of participles There are two kinds of participles: present and past participles. Present participles end in: -ing Ex. leaping, blazing, withering Past participles end in: -ed, -t, or –en Ex. Pumped, burnt, broken

Huh? DON’T CONFUSE PARTICIPLES AND VERBS! Participles AREN’T preceded by helping verbs. Ex. The sputtering sedan wobbled down the boulevard. (participle) The sedan was sputtering down the boulevard. (verb)

Participial Phrases Participial phrases consist of a participle and its related words. The whole kit and caboodle acts as an adjective. Ex. The girl, eating the chocolate buttery croissant, got a stomach ache. The participial phrase (yellow) is describing the noun, girl. (underlined)

The girl, eating the chocolate buttery croissant, got a stomach ache. My tummy hurts!

Punctuation Hint… Introductory participial phrases must be followed by commas Calling for a timeout, the referee blew her whistle. Participial phrases that interrupt the sentence should also be separated by commas Another member of the group, leaving the camp at night, was attacked by a bear.

Across 1. My sister, eating her breakfast, talked with her mouth full. 5. The running boy tripped and fell. Down 2. The talking girl would not stop talking. 3. Flying cats ruled the ancient city. 4. Harry, the jumping bunny, jumped all the way home! Quiz Find the participles in the sentences and fill them in the correct blanks

ANSWERS Across 1. My sister, eating her breakfast, talked with her mouth full. 5. The running boy tripped and fell. Down 2. The talking girl would not stop talking. 3. Flying cats ruled the ancient city. 4. Harry, the jumping bunny, jumped all the way home!

Gerunds (NOUNS)

Gerunds… say what? A gerund is a verbal that ends in –ing and functions as a noun. A Gerund can be used as a subject, direct object, subject complement, and object of preposition because it functions as a noun.

Gerund as a Subject Traveling might satisfy your desire for new experiences. traveling = subject satisfy = predicate

Gerund as a Direct Object GERUNDS are super! Without them, verbs couldn’t be nouns! They appreciate my singing. Singing is used as a direct object because it answers the question of the verb (what are they appreciating? Singing)

Gerunds as Subject Complements My mom’s favorite activity is running. Running is explaining the subject in this sentence (what activity? Running.) Bonus Question: Is the sentence boxed above an example of a predicate nominative or a predicate adjective? Why?

Gerund as an Object of the Preposition The police arrested him for speeding. Speeding is the object of the preposition: for (for what? For speeding.)

Gerund Phrase A gerund phrase consists of a gerund plus a modifier, object, and/or complement. Finding a needle in a haystack would be easier than what we're trying to do. The entire phrase acts as the subject of the sentence.

QUIZ TIME. Aren’t you glad you were paying attention QUIZ TIME! Aren’t you glad you were paying attention? (# 1 – 5; note the Gerunds) Daniel started doing his homework at 12:30 PM. He apologized for being late. He insisted on speaking to the manager because there was a fly in his soup. She made plans for going to Fiji. Swimming was her favorite activity.

Answers Doing—object Being—object of preposition Speaking—obj of preposition Going—object of preposition Swimming—subject Life would be empty without Gerunds

Infinitives

How can you identify an infinitive? What is an Infinitive? “An infinitive is a verb form, usually preceded by to, that can be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb” In other words…. Infinitives are verbs that can be used as nouns Example: To smile shows happiness. **to smile is an infinitive because it acts as the subject of the sentence** Infinitives are verbs that can be used as adjectives That is the book to read. **to read is an infinitive because it uses a verb to modify or describe the object of the sentence** Infinitives are verbs that can be used as adverbs He ran to win. **to win is an infinitive because it modifies or describes a verb** How can you identify an infinitive?

Infinitives Without The Word “To” Occasionally… Some infinitives are not proceeded by the word “to” Example: - Please let me help. Help is the infinitive of the sentence because it modifies the object of the sentence. (*Why is help an infinitive and not a verb? Let acts as the verb in the sentence, and therefore help is a verbal acting as a noun, making it the infinitive.)

Split Infinitives Split Infinitives: Any time a word is placed in between the “to” and the verb of an infinitive. Ex: “To boldly go where no one has gone before.” - Star Trek Captain James Tiberius Kirk

Find the Infinitive To succeed requires determination. Label your paper 1- 4 and write the infinitive of each sentence. Then, write if it is acting as a noun, an adverb, or an adjective. To succeed requires determination. Happiness is the way to go. Students need to learn. I want to see a Star Wars again.

To succeed- noun To go- adjective To learn- adverb To see- adverb Answer Key To succeed- noun To go- adjective To learn- adverb To see- adverb

REVIEW to + a verb a verb ending with -ing as a noun as an adjective Prepositional Phrases and Verbals: Gerunds, Participles, and Infinitives Phrase Identifying Features How it functions in a sentence Gerund a verb ending with  -ing as a noun Participle (participial phrase) a verb word with an  -ing, -ed, or -en as an adjective Infinitive to + a verb noun, adjective or adverb Prepositional begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun adjective, adverb or noun Return to the English 24 website.

Gerund PHRASE Participle (participial phrase) Infinitive Prepositional Examples Swimming at noon is fun. I enjoy playing the guitar.. Opening the window brought fresh air into the stuffy room. the written word the spoken directions a bleeding heart To take notes during a lecture is important. I prepared to study my notes. in the box on the table around the room for my instructor

Noun + a Participle One more... Absolute Phrase Ex. Her whistle blasting repeatedly, the lifeguard cleared the pool. (Notice that there is no grammatical relation to the sentence.) resembles a clause—why? Why is it NOT a clause?

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