Biological Classification Understanding Domains & Kingdoms Notes

DOMAINS Biological classification consists of 3 Domains (the broadest category possible) Eubacteria – contain carbon-eating, heterotrophic (must obtain nutrients from an outside source) bacteria EX: Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) Arachaea – includes both salt-loving and heat-loving microbes EX: Sulfurbales (thrive in environments containing sulfur) Eukaryota – contains organisms that are plants, animals, plant-like protists, fungus-like protists, other unique protists EX: Humans

KINGDOMS The 3 Domains are broken into 6 Kingdoms: Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Archaea – from Domain Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria – from Domain Eubacteria Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia Domain Eukaryota

Kingdom Archaea Includes: A group of prokaryotic bacteria that thrive in many habitats, including harsh environments once thought uninhabitable Similar to the first forms of life on Earth Can be single celled or live in clusters Can be producers, consumers, or decomposers based on habitat Anaerobic – meaning they cannot tolerate oxygen Found in places such as hot springs, salt lakes, underwater volcanic vents, oceans, and marshes 3 Major Groups: Methanogens – produce methane gas and live in places such as soil Halophiles – live in extremely salty environments (i.e Dead Sea) Thermoacidophiles – live where temperatures near 176 °F (i.e. acidic sulfur springs of Yellowstone National Park)

Kingdom Archaea Thermoacidophiles

Kingdom Eubacteria Includes: “True” bacteria Can be single celled or live in clusters Prokaryotic – has no nucleus Circular DNA called a plasmid Classified by how they obtain food: Heterotrophs – found nearly everywhere, need to obtain energy from other living organisms Autotrophs – use photosynthesis, found in lakes, ponds, streams, etc. Chemotrophs – break down non living substances for energy Include bacteria used to make cheese, yogurt, vinegar and soy sauce

Kingdom Protista Includes: Contain unicellular and multicellular organisms Eukaryotic – meaning they have a nucleus (control center of cell) Plant-like Protists – known as algae Autotrophs Animal-like Protists – known as protozoa Heterotrophs Many are parasites living in water, soil, and on living and dead organisms Fungus-like Protists Obtain energy from decomposing organic material Produce spores to reproduce

Kingdom Fungi Includes: Hetrotrophs that secrete enzymes to digest food Decomposers – live in or on matter they decompose for food Unicellular or multicellular Eukaryotic Live in aquatic or moist habitats such as soil, mud, and decaying plants Include mold, yeast, mushrooms, and truffles Reproduce by spores

Kingdom Plantae Includes: Multicellular eukaryotic cells Plants!! Almost all use photosynthesis Separated into 2 categories Nonvascular Plants – lack tissues to transport substances like water and sugars Absorb nutrients through cells Ex: moss, liverwort, and hornwort Vascular Plants – Have specialized structures (xylem and phloem) to transport water and nutrients Seedless – use spores to reproduce Seed-bearing - include gymnosperms (produce a seed in a cone) and angiosperms (use a complicated cycle that often includes flowers)

Kingdom Animalia Includes: All animals! Multicellular eukaryotic organisms All animals have levels of organization that lead to organ systems that make up the animal Heterotrophs who are all able to move at some point in life

Kingdom Animalia Broken into 2 main groups: Invertebrates – lack a back bone Most abundant group of animals Include the following phyla: Porifera (sponges) Cnidarians (jellyfish, coral, anemones) Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Nematoda (roundworms) Echinodermata (starfish and sea urchins) Arthropoda (crustaceans, insects, and spiders)

Kingdom Animalia Vertebrates – have a backbone All are of the phylum Chordata Share similar characteristics Notochord: a firm, flexible rod that provides support and often later becomes the vertebral column (spine) Pharyngeal Pouches: embryonic foundation tissue that can become gills in fish and ear/jaw structures for land-dwelling animals Endoskeleton: internal skeleton composed of bones, cartilage or both Grows with all animals