Primate Evolution Section 1: Primates Section 2: Hominoids to Hominins Section 3: Human Ancestry

*Characteristics of Primates: (BP: Primates) Manual Dexterity Senses Movement/Locomotion Complex Brain and Behavior Reproductive rate *copy these notes into your EOC notebook

Five digits on each hand and foot Section 1 Primate Evolution Primates Manual dexterity Five digits on each hand and foot Flat nails and sensitive areas on the ends of their digits The first digits are opposable.

Binocular vision results in greater depth perception. Section 1 Primate Evolution Primates Senses Rely more on vision Binocular vision results in greater depth perception. Color vision Decreased sense of smell Teeth are reduced in size and usually are unspecialized.

Limber shoulders and hips Section 1 Primate Evolution Primates Locomotion Flexible bodies Limber shoulders and hips All primates except humans walk on all four limbs.

Complex Brain and Behaviors Section 1 Primate Evolution Primates Complex Brain and Behaviors Have large brains in relation to their body size Larger areas devoted to memory and coordinating arm and leg movement Problem-solving abilities Well-developed social behaviors

Newborns are dependent on their Section 1 Primate Evolution Primates Reproductive Rate Have fewer offspring Newborns are dependent on their mothers for an extended period of time. Many are endangered.

Arboreal, or tree-dwelling Section 1 Primate Evolution Primates Primate Groups Arboreal, or tree-dwelling Terrestrial The strepsirrhines, or “wet-nosed” The haplorhines, or “dry-nosed”

Have large eyes and ears Section 1 Primate Evolution Primates Strepsirrhines Have large eyes and ears Rely predominantly on smell for hunting and social interaction Lemurs Sifakas Galagos Galago Aye-ayes

Include tarsiers, monkeys, and apes Section 1 Primate Evolution Primates Haplorhines Include tarsiers, monkeys, and apes The apes include gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans. The anthropoids are split into the New World monkeys and the Old World monkeys.

Most are diurnal and live together in social bands. Section 1 Primate Evolution Primates The New World monkeys are a group of about 60 species of arboreal monkeys. They inhabit the tropical forests of Mexico, Central America, and South America. Most are diurnal and live together in social bands. Distinguished by their prehensile tails

Old World monkeys live throughout Asia and Africa. Section 1 Primate Evolution Primates Old World monkeys live throughout Asia and Africa. Diurnal and live in social groups Noses tend to be narrower and their bodies are usually larger. None have prehensile tails, and some have no tails. Most Old World monkeys have opposable digits.

Highly social and have complex vocalizations Section 1 Primate Evolution Primates Apes have longer arms than legs, barrel-shaped chests, no tails, and flexible wrists. Highly social and have complex vocalizations Classified into two subcategories: the lesser apes and the great apes

Lesser Apes Asian gibbons Siamangs Section 1 Primate Evolution Primates Lesser Apes Asian gibbons Siamangs Generally move from branch to branch using a hand-over-hand swinging motion called brachiation Gibbon

Great Apes Orangutans Gorillas Chimpanzees Humans Primates Section 1 Primate Evolution Primates Great Apes Orangutans Gorillas Chimpanzees Humans Orangutan

Section 1 Primate Evolution Primates Primate Evolution

Hominoids to Hominins-What is the difference? Section 2 Primate Evolution Hominoids to Hominins-What is the difference? Hominoids Hominoids include all nonmonkey anthropoids (human like) —the living and extinct gibbons, orangutans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and humans.

What about these similar terms? Hominoids: refers to the broad term for great and lesser apes which includes gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees and humans. Hominids: includes just the great apes orangutans, chimpanzees and humans Hominins: Refers to the bipedal human species and relatives such as Australopithecus Afarensis and Homo Habilus, Homo Erectus, Homo sapiens etc.

Scientists use fossils to determine when ancestral hominoids diverged. Section 2 Primate Evolution Hominoids to Hominins Scientists use fossils to determine when ancestral hominoids diverged. Scientists also use biochemical data to determine relationships between hominoid groups.

Chimps and Bonobos are the closest living relatives to humans-sharing at least 96% of their DNA sequences

Hominins have bigger brains. Thinner and flatter face Section 2 Primate Evolution Hominoids to Hominins Hominins The lineage that most likely led to humans split off from the other African apes sometime between 8 and 5 mya. Hominins have bigger brains. Thinner and flatter face Smaller teeth and jaws High manual dexterity Bipedal

*Early Hominoid vs Hominin Brain Smaller larger Face Shape More protruding jawline, browline flatter Teeth Larger smaller Movement Moved using 4 limbs bipedal Head attachment to spine Back of skull Base of skull Spine shape Slightly curved S shaped

Section 2 Primate Evolution Hominoids to Hominins

Foramen Magnum- hole in skull where the spinal cord and brain connect

A changing environment might have played only a minor role. Section 2 Primate Evolution Hominoids to Hominins Why bipedalism? A changing environment might have played only a minor role. Most successful hominins might have been those that evolved on the edge of the forest and savanna.

*Hominin Fossil Comparisons Name Features Time Period Location found Australopithecines Small, had apelike brains, teeth and joints were human like 4.2-1 mya Africa Homo habilis Homo ergaster Homo erectus Africa, Asia, Europe Homo neanderthalensis Europe and the Middle East Homo sapiens Worldwide

*Hominin Fossil Comparisons Name Features Time Period Location found Australopithecines Small, had apelike brains, teeth and joints were human like 4.2-1 mya Africa Homo habilis Average brain had a capacity of 650 cm3 Used tools 2.4–1.4 million years ago Homo ergaster Average brain had a capacity of 1000 cm3 Had thinner skull bones Had human-like nose 1.8–1.2 million years ago Homo erectus Used fire 1.8 million–400,000 years ago Africa, Asia, Europe Homo neanderthalensis Average brain had a capacity of 1500 cm3 Buried their dead Possibly had a language 300,000–200,000 years ago Europe and the Middle East Homo sapiens Average brain has a capacity of 1350 cm3 Does not have browridge Has a small chin Has language and culture 195,000 years ago to present Worldwide

Features of the Skull

*Skull Comparisons What are some trends that we can observe in skulls of humans over time?

Australopithecines (genus) lived in the Section 2 Primate Evolution Hominoids to Hominins Hominin Fossils Australopithecines (genus) lived in the east-central and southern part of Africa between 4.2 and 1 mya. Small Apelike brains and jaws Teeth and limb joints were humanlike. http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/australopithecus-afarensis

The first australopithecine fossil discovered Section 2 Primate Evolution Hominoids to Hominins Taung Baby The first australopithecine fossil discovered Australopithecus africanus likely lived between 3.3 and 2.3 mya. Lucy Lucy is one of the most complete australopithecine fossils ever found. She was a member of the species A. afarensis, which lived between 4 and 2.9 mya.

Section 3 Primate Evolution Human Ancestry The Genus Homo The African environment became considerably cooler between 3 and 2.5 mya. Homo species had bigger brains, lighter skeletons, flatter faces, and smaller teeth than their australopithecine ancestors.

Section 3 Primate Evolution

Homo habilis lived in Africa between about 2.4 and 1.4 mya. Section 3 Primate Evolution Human Ancestry Homo habilis lived in Africa between about 2.4 and 1.4 mya. Brain averaged 650 cm3 Smaller brow Reduced jaw, Flatter face More humanlike teeth Used stone tools Small, long-armed, and retained the ability to climb trees

Section 3 Primate Evolution Human Ancestry Homo habilis

Homo hablis

Homo ergaster emerged within 500,000 years of H. habilis. Section 3 Primate Evolution Human Ancestry Homo ergaster emerged within 500,000 years of H. habilis. Taller Lighter Longer legs and shorter arms Brain averaged 1000 cm3

Section 3 Primate Evolution Human Ancestry Homo ergaster

Homo ergaster

Eurasian forms of H. ergaster are called Homo erectus. Section 3 Primate Evolution Human Ancestry H. ergaster appears to have been the first African Homo species to migrate. Eurasian forms of H. ergaster are called Homo erectus. H. erectus lived between 1.8 million and 400,000 years ago.

Brain capacity ranged from about 900 cm3 to about 1100 cm3 Section 3 Primate Evolution Human Ancestry Homo erectus Larger than H. habilis Brain capacity ranged from about 900 cm3 to about 1100 cm3 Longer skull, lower forehead, thicker facial bones, and a prominent browridge

Homo erectus

Homo floresiensis lived about 18,000 years ago. Section 3 Primate Evolution Human Ancestry Homo floresiensis lived about 18,000 years ago. About 1 m tall Brain and body proportions like all the australopithecines.

Homo neanderthalensis evolved exclusively in Europe and Asia Section 3 Primate Evolution Human Ancestry Homo neanderthalensis evolved exclusively in Europe and Asia about 200,000 years ago. Shorter but had more muscle mass Larger brains than modern humans Thick skulls, bony browridges, and large noses

Emergence of Modern Humans Section 3 Primate Evolution Human Ancestry Emergence of Modern Humans Homo sapiens is characterized by a more slender appearance than all other Homo species. Thinner skeletons, rounder skulls, and smaller faces with prominent chins Their brain capacity averages 1350 cm3. Appeared in the fossil record, in what is now Ethiopia, about 195,000 years ago

Homo sapiens

Out-of-Africa Hypothesis Section 3 Primate Evolution Human Ancestry Out-of-Africa Hypothesis 200,000 years ago, a morphologically diverse genus of hominins were present. 30,000 years ago, only modern humans remained. Modern humans evolved only once, in Africa, and then migrated.

Mitochondrial DNA changes very little over time. Section 3 Primate Evolution Human Ancestry “Mitochondrial Eve” Mitochondrial DNA changes very little over time. The population with the most variation should be the population that has had the longest time to accumulate diversity. H. sapiens emerged in Africa about 200,000 years ago from a hypothetical “Mitochondrial Eve.”

Developed sophisticated tools and weapons Section 3 Primate Evolution Human Ancestry Cro-Magnons Early modern humans expressed themselves symbolically and artistically. Developed sophisticated tools and weapons The first to fish, the first to tailor clothing, and the first to domesticate animals

Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions Primate Evolution Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions Formative Test Questions Chapter Assessment Questions Standardized Test Practice connected.mcgraw-hill.com Glencoe Biology Transparencies Image Bank Vocabulary Animation Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature.

Which is not a characteristic of primates? Chapter Primate Evolution Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which is not a characteristic of primates? manual dexterity keen eyesight high reproduction rate large brain A B C D CDQ 1

Scientists classify primates into subgroups Chapter Primate Evolution Chapter Diagnostic Questions Scientists classify primates into subgroups based on what characteristics? tails, bone structure, and brain size noses, eyes, and teeth range, size, and active period teeth, nails, and range A B C D CDQ 2

Which is not classified as a Great Ape? Chapter Primate Evolution Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which is not classified as a Great Ape? gorilla gibbon chimpanzee orangutan A B C D CDQ 3

What enables primates to have a high level of manual dexterity? Chapter Primate Evolution Section 1 Formative Questions What enables primates to have a high level of manual dexterity? an opposable first digit binocular color vision developed hind limbs highly moveable arms A B C D FQ 1

In what group are the anthropoids? Chapter Primate Evolution Section 1 Formative Questions In what group are the anthropoids? lemurs lesser apes haplorines strepsirrhines A B C D FQ 2

Which represents the journey of the ancestors of New World monkeys? Chapter Primate Evolution Section 1 Formative Questions Which represents the journey of the ancestors of New World monkeys? Asia → Africa Europe → Asia Madagascar → Africa Africa → South America A B C D FQ 3

What great ape species live in Asia and Chapter Primate Evolution Section 1 Formative Questions What great ape species live in Asia and are the largest arboreal primates? baboons bonobos gorillas orangutans A B C D FQ 4

Which group of apes has only one species that survives today? Chapter Primate Evolution Section 1 Formative Questions Which group of apes has only one species that survives today? arboreals hominins hominoids lesser apes A B C D FQ 5

morphological features Chapter Primate Evolution Section 2 Formative Questions From what type of data was this possible divergence of hominoids constructed? the fossil record DNA comparisons anthropoid analysis morphological features A B C D FQ 6

Which is a distinguishing characteristic of hominins? Chapter Primate Evolution Section 2 Formative Questions Which is a distinguishing characteristic of hominins? bipedalism ability to use tools unspecialized teeth complex communication A B C D FQ 7

What advantage does bipedalism have over quadrupedalism? Chapter Primate Evolution Section 2 Formative Questions What advantage does bipedalism have over quadrupedalism? ability to run faster less energy requirements less strain on the hips and back ability to travel over long distances A B C D FQ 8

Which was the first genus of hominins that were truly bipedal? Chapter Primate Evolution Section 2 Formative Questions Which was the first genus of hominins that were truly bipedal? Altiatlasius Australopithecus Homo Proconsul A B C D FQ 9

What genus of hominins is thought to have Chapter Primate Evolution Section 3 Formative Questions What genus of hominins is thought to have evolved from the australopithecines when the African environment cooled about 2.5 mya? Andrepithecus Homo Kenyanthropus Parathropus A B C D FQ 10

What were species in the genus Homo the first to do? Chapter Primate Evolution Section 3 Formative Questions What were species in the genus Homo the first to do? carry objects control fire live in savannas walk upright A B C D FQ 11

Which Homo species still had long arms and Chapter Primate Evolution Section 3 Formative Questions Which Homo species still had long arms and seemed to retain the ability to climb trees? H. erectus H. ergaster H. fluresiensis H. habilis A B C D FQ 12

Neanderthals evolved exclusively in Europe and Asia. Chapter Primate Evolution Section 3 Formative Questions Neanderthals evolved exclusively in Europe and Asia. True False A B C FQ 13

How does mitochondrial DNA analysis support Chapter Primate Evolution Section 3 Formative Questions How does mitochondrial DNA analysis support the Out-of-Africa hypothesis? Mitochondrial DNA changes occur at different rates. Humans today have very different mitochondrial DNA. Africans have the greatest diversity in their mitochondrial DNA. The mitochondrial DNA of humans throughout the world is identical. A B C D FQ 14

Use the image to determine the closest living relatives to humans. Chapter Primate Evolution Chapter Assessment Questions Use the image to determine the closest living relatives to humans. Answer: chimpanzees and bonobos CAQ 1

Describe the foramen magnum and indicate the difference in its Chapter Primate Evolution Chapter Assessment Questions Describe the foramen magnum and indicate the difference in its location in each skeleton. CAQ 2

in quadrupedal animals (first image) and at the base of the skull in Chapter Primate Evolution Chapter Assessment Questions Answer: The foramen magnum is the hole in the skull where the spine extends from the brain. It is in the back of the skull in quadrupedal animals (first image) and at the base of the skull in hominins (second image). CAQ 3

Chapter Primate Evolution Chapter Assessment Questions The discovery of what fossil ended the debate regarding bipedalism and Australopithecus? Taung baby Lucy Java man Proconsul A B C D CAQ 4

Why do most primates have a decreased sense of smell? Chapter Primate Evolution Standardized Test Practice Why do most primates have a decreased sense of smell? They are able to stand upright. They live in tropical regions. They are more active during the day. They have an increased sense of vision. A B C D STP 1

What advantage does binocular vision provide? Chapter Primate Evolution Standardized Test Practice What advantage does binocular vision provide? ability to see at night better color vision capacity to reason greater depth perception A B C D STP 2

What enables primates to learn and develop complex social behaviors? Chapter Primate Evolution Standardized Test Practice What enables primates to learn and develop complex social behaviors? ability to stand and walk upright a large amount of time spent in trees long-term dependency on parents faces that tend to be more flattened A B C D STP 3

What was probably associated with the Chapter Primate Evolution Standardized Test Practice What was probably associated with the hunting and/or scavenging lifestyle of H. ergaster? fire-making language migrating symbolic expression A B C D STP 4

Standardized Test Practice Chapter Primate Evolution Standardized Test Practice What does the early human timeline show about the evolution of hominins? Different hominins existed in different parts of the world. Hominins that lived at the same time were very similar. The periods of existence of many early hominins overlapped. There is a direct descent from the early hominins to modern humans. A B C D STP 5

How do most scientists explain the widespread Chapter Primate Evolution Standardized Test Practice How do most scientists explain the widespread distribution of modern humans on Earth? They evolved by convergent evolution. They evolved by reproductive isolation. They evolved from dispersed populations. They evolved in one place, then migrated. A B C D STP 6

Glencoe Biology Transparencies Chapter Primate Evolution Glencoe Biology Transparencies

Chapter Primate Evolution Image Bank

Section 1 Vocabulary opposable first digit binocular vision diurnal Primate Evolution Vocabulary Section 1 opposable first digit binocular vision diurnal nocturnal arboreal anthropoid prehensile tail hominin

Section 2 Vocabulary hominoid bipedal australopithecine Primate Evolution Vocabulary Section 2 hominoid bipedal australopithecine

Section 3 Vocabulary Homo Neanderthal Cro-Magnon Primate Evolution

Chapter Primate Evolution Animation Visualizing Primates

Chapter Primate Evolution