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Primate Evolution Section 1: Primates Section 2: Hominoids to Hominins
Section 3: Human Ancestry
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Revise this power point to use the Becoming Human Documentary
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Characteristics of Primates
Section 1 Primate Evolution Primates Characteristics of Primates Manual dexterity Five digits on each hand and foot Flat nails and sensitive areas on the ends of their digits The first digits are opposable.
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Binocular vision results in greater depth perception.
Section 1 Primate Evolution Primates Senses Rely more on vision Binocular vision results in greater depth perception. Color vision Decreased sense of smell Teeth are reduced in size and usually are unspecialized.
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All primates except humans walk on all four limbs.
Section 1 Primate Evolution Primates Locomotion Flexible bodies Limber shoulders and hips All primates except humans walk on all four limbs.
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Complex Brain and Behaviors
Section 1 Primate Evolution Primates Complex Brain and Behaviors Have large brains in relation to their body size Larger areas devoted to memory and coordinating arm and leg movement Problem-solving abilities Well-developed social behaviors
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Newborns are dependent on their
Section 1 Primate Evolution Primates Reproductive Rate Newborns are dependent on their mothers for an extended period of time. Have fewer offspring Many are endangered.
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Arboreal, or tree-dwelling
Section 1 Primate Evolution Primates Primate Groups Arboreal, or tree-dwelling Terrestrial The strepsirrhines, or “wet-nosed” The haplorhines, or “dry-nosed”
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Lesser Apes Asian gibbons Siamangs
Section 1 Primate Evolution Primates Lesser Apes Asian gibbons Siamangs Generally move from branch to branch using a hand-over-hand swinging motion called brachiation Gibbon
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Great Apes Orangutans Gorillas Chimpanzees Humans Primates
Section 1 Primate Evolution Primates Great Apes Orangutans Gorillas Chimpanzees Humans Orangutan
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Primate Evolution Primates Primate Evolution Section 1
Hominins: primates that consistently walk on two legs
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Lemurlike primates were widespread by about 50 mya.
Section 1 Primate Evolution Primates Primate fossils appear in the fossil record at the beginning of the Eocene, about 60 mya. Lemurlike primates were widespread by about 50 mya. By the end of the Eocene, 30–35 mya, the anthropoids had diverged and spread widely. Darwinius is a genus within the infraorder Adapiformes, a group of basal strepsirrhine primates from the Eocene epoch. Its only known species is Darwinius masillae, approximately 47 million years ago based on dating of the fossil site.
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The end of the Eocene also saw the appearance of the monkeys.
Section 1 Primate Evolution Primates The end of the Eocene also saw the appearance of the monkeys. Many scientists hypothesize that New World monkeys evolved from an isolated group of ancestral anthropoids. In Africa and Asia, the anthropoids continued to evolve.
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Hominoids to Hominins Hominoids
Section 2 Primate Evolution Hominoids to Hominins Hominoids Hominoids include all nonmonkey anthropoids—the living and extinct gibbons, orangutans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and humans.
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Scientists use fossils to determine when ancestral hominoids diverged.
Section 2 Primate Evolution Hominoids to Hominins Scientists use fossils to determine when ancestral hominoids diverged. Scientists also use biochemical data.
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Hominins have bigger brains. Thinner and flatter face
Section 2 Primate Evolution Hominoids to Hominins Hominins The lineage that most likely led to humans split off from the other African apes sometime between 8 and 5 mya. Hominins have bigger brains. Thinner and flatter face Smaller teeth High manual dexterity Bipedal
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Phenogram of 10 primate mtDNA sequences constructed from the entire mitochondrial genome of each species. Phenogram of 10 primate mtDNA sequences constructed from the entire mitochondrial genome of each species. The phenogram was constructed using the UPGMA method and percentage of sequence difference as a genetic distance. Its topology is consistent with current understanding of primate evolution. Kalinowski S T et al. Genetics 2006;172: Copyright © 2006 by the Genetics Society of America
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Section 2 Primate Evolution Hominoids to Hominins
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A changing environment might have played only a minor role.
Section 2 Primate Evolution Hominoids to Hominins Why bipedalism? A changing environment might have played only a minor role. Most successful hominins might have been those that evolved on the edge of the forest and savanna.
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Apelike brains and jaws
Section 2 Primate Evolution Hominoids to Hominins Hominin Fossils Australopithecines lived in the east-central and southern part of Africa between 4.2 and 1 mya. Small Apelike brains and jaws Teeth and limb joints were humanlike.
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The first australopithecine fossil discovered
Section 2 Primate Evolution Hominoids to Hominins Taung Baby The first australopithecine fossil discovered Australopithecus africanus likely lived between 3.3 and 2.3 mya. Lucy Lucy is one of the most complete australopithecine fossils ever found. She was a member of the species A. afarensis, which lived between 4 and 2.9 mya.
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Thrived between 2 and 1.2 mya
Section 2 Primate Evolution Hominoids to Hominins Paranthropus Thrived between 2 and 1.2 mya An offshoot of the human line that lived alongside human ancestors but were not directly related
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Section 3 Primate Evolution Human Ancestry The Genus Homo The African environment became considerably cooler between 3 and 2.5 mya. Homo species had bigger brains, lighter skeletons, flatter faces, and smaller teeth than their australopithecine ancestors.
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Homo habilis lived in Africa between about 2.4 and 1.4 mya.
Section 3 Primate Evolution Human Ancestry Homo habilis lived in Africa between about 2.4 and 1.4 mya. Brain averaged 650 cm3 Smaller brow Reduced jaw Flatter face More humanlike teeth Small, long-armed, and retained the ability to climb trees
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Section 3 Primate Evolution Human Ancestry Homo habilis
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Homo ergaster emerged within 500,000 years of H. habilis.
Section 3 Primate Evolution Human Ancestry Homo ergaster emerged within 500,000 years of H. habilis. Taller Lighter Longer legs and shorter arms Brain averaged 1000 cm3
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Section 3 Primate Evolution Human Ancestry Homo ergaster
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Eurasian forms of H. ergaster are called Homo erectus.
Section 3 Primate Evolution Human Ancestry H. ergaster appears to have been the first African Homo species to migrate. Eurasian forms of H. ergaster are called Homo erectus. H. erectus lived between 1.8 million and 400,000 years ago.
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Brain capacity ranged from about 900 cm3 to about 1100 cm3
Section 3 Primate Evolution Human Ancestry Homo erectus Larger than H. habilis Brain capacity ranged from about 900 cm3 to about 1100 cm3 Longer skull, lower forehead, thicker facial bones, and a prominent browridge First to use fire
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The origin of Humans
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Homo neanderthalensis evolved exclusively in Europe and Asia
Section 3 Primate Evolution Human Ancestry Homo neanderthalensis evolved exclusively in Europe and Asia about 200,000 years ago. Shorter but had more muscle mass Larger brains than modern humans Thick skulls, bony browridges, and large noses
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Emergence of Modern Humans
Section 3 Primate Evolution Human Ancestry Emergence of Modern Humans Homo sapiens is characterized by a more slender appearance than all other Homo species. Thinner skeletons, rounder skulls, and smaller faces with prominent chins Their brain capacity averages 1350 cm3. Appeared in the fossil record, in what is now Ethiopia, about 195,000 years ago
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Brain and body proportions like all the australopithecines.
Section 3 Primate Evolution Human Ancestry Homo floresiensis lived about 18,000 years ago. Discovered in 2012 “Hobbit Man” About 1 m tall Brain and body proportions like all the australopithecines.
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Out-of-Africa Hypothesis
Section 3 Primate Evolution Human Ancestry Out-of-Africa Hypothesis 200,000 years ago, a morphologically diverse genus of hominins were present. 30,000 years ago, only modern humans remained. Modern humans evolved only once, in Africa, and then migrated.
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And the story of Homo sapien evolution continues with new fossil discoveries…Homo naledi
Dating still in progress, but evidence suggests that H. naledi 2 million years old
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Mitochondrial DNA changes very little over time.
Section 3 Primate Evolution Human Ancestry Mitochondrial DNA changes very little over time. The population with the most variation should be the population that has had the longest time to accumulate diversity. Comparison of the intrapopulation sequence divergence in African and non-African populations confirms that African populations exhibit the largest extent of mtDNA variation, a result that further supports the hypothesis that Africans represent the most ancient human group and that all modern humans have a common and recent African origin. H. sapiens emerged in Africa about 200,000 years ago from a hypothetical “Mitochondrial Eve.”
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Cladogram | eFossils Resources USE YOUR OWN PAPER!
Draw the cladogram below. Write the following taxa on the top 4 lines in the order that correctly depicts the evolutionary relationships among these primates. Use the clues for assistance. Humans Monkeys Australopithecus Apes Identify when each of the derived traits listed in the box below evolved by writing it next to its corresponding arrow. When you are finished, answer the questions. Clue 1: All living apes lack tails. Clue 2: The large human brainsize is unique. 1. What primates are characterized by bipedalism? 2. Did bipedal locomotion or bigger brain size evolve first? 1/1
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Developed sophisticated tools and weapons
Section 3 Primate Evolution Human Ancestry Early Homo sapiens Cro-Magnons Early modern humans expressed themselves symbolically and artistically. Developed sophisticated tools and weapons The first to fish, the first to tailor clothing, and the first to domesticate Animals. Lived 43,000 years ago in Western Europe.
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What advantage does bipedalism have over quadrupedalism?
Chapter Primate Evolution Section 2 Formative Questions What advantage does bipedalism have over quadrupedalism? ability to run faster less energy requirements less strain on the hips and back ability to travel over long distances A B C D FQ 8
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Which was the first genus of hominins that were truly bipedal?
Chapter Primate Evolution Section 2 Formative Questions Which was the first genus of hominins that were truly bipedal? Altiatlasius Australopithecus Homo Proconsul A B C D FQ 9
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What were species in the genus Homo the first to do?
Chapter Primate Evolution Section 3 Formative Questions What were species in the genus Homo the first to do? carry objects control fire live in savannas walk upright A B C D FQ 11
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Which Homo species still had long arms and
Chapter Primate Evolution Section 3 Formative Questions Which Homo species still had long arms and seemed to retain the ability to climb trees? H. erectus H. ergaster H. fluresiensis H. habilis A B C D FQ 12
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Neanderthals evolved exclusively in Europe and Asia.
Chapter Primate Evolution Section 3 Formative Questions Neanderthals evolved exclusively in Europe and Asia. True False A B C FQ 13
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Use the image to determine the closest living relatives to humans.
Chapter Primate Evolution Chapter Assessment Questions Use the image to determine the closest living relatives to humans. Answer: chimpanzees and bonobos CAQ 1
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Describe the foramen magnum and indicate the difference in its
Chapter Primate Evolution Chapter Assessment Questions Describe the foramen magnum and indicate the difference in its location in each skeleton. CAQ 2
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in quadrupedal animals (first image) and at the base of the skull in
Chapter Primate Evolution Chapter Assessment Questions Answer: The foramen magnum is the hole in the skull where the spine extends from the brain. It is in the back of the skull in quadrupedal animals (first image) and at the base of the skull in hominins (second image). CAQ 3
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Chapter Primate Evolution Chapter Assessment Questions The discovery of what fossil ended the debate regarding bipedalism and Australopithecus? Taung baby Lucy Java man Proconsul A B C D CAQ 4
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Why do most primates have a decreased sense of smell?
Chapter Primate Evolution Standardized Test Practice Why do most primates have a decreased sense of smell? They are able to stand upright. They live in tropical regions. They are more active during the day. They have an increased sense of vision. A B C D STP 1
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What advantage does binocular vision provide?
Chapter Primate Evolution Standardized Test Practice What advantage does binocular vision provide? ability to see at night better color vision capacity to reason greater depth perception A B C D STP 2
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What enables primates to learn and develop complex social behaviors?
Chapter Primate Evolution Standardized Test Practice What enables primates to learn and develop complex social behaviors? ability to stand and walk upright a large amount of time spent in trees long-term dependency on parents faces that tend to be more flattened A B C D STP 3
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What was probably associated with the
Chapter Primate Evolution Standardized Test Practice What was probably associated with the hunting and/or scavenging lifestyle of H. ergaster? fire-making language migrating symbolic expression A B C D STP 4
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Glencoe Biology Transparencies
Chapter Primate Evolution Glencoe Biology Transparencies
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Chapter Primate Evolution Image Bank
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Section 1 Vocabulary opposable first digit binocular vision diurnal
Primate Evolution Vocabulary Section 1 opposable first digit binocular vision diurnal nocturnal arboreal anthropoid prehensile tail hominin
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Section 2 Vocabulary hominoid bipedal australopithecine
Primate Evolution Vocabulary Section 2 hominoid bipedal australopithecine
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Section 3 Vocabulary Homo Neanderthal Cro-Magnon Primate Evolution
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Chapter Primate Evolution Animation Visualizing Primates
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Chapter Primate Evolution
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Which group of apes has only one species that survives today?
Chapter Primate Evolution Section 1 Formative Questions Which group of apes has only one species that survives today? arboreals hominins hominoids lesser apes A B C D FQ 5
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What genus of hominins is thought to have
Chapter Primate Evolution Section 3 Formative Questions What genus of hominins is thought to have evolved from the australopithecines when the African environment cooled about 2.5 mya? Andrepithecus Homo Kenyanthropus Parathropus A B C D FQ 10
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