NIR Safety Awareness Module 3: NIR Standards

IEEE C95 Series of Standards IEEE C95.1TM - 2005 Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz IEEE C95.6TM – 2002 (R2007) Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields, 0-3 kHz http://standards.ieee.org/about/get/index.html#getC95

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH®) 2016 TLVs® and BEIs® Static Magnetic and Electric Fields Sub-Radiofrequency Magnetic and Electric Fields Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation Light and Near-Infrared Radiation Ultraviolet Radiation

International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) ICNIRP Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Time-Varying Electric and Magnetic Fields (1 Hz – 100 kHz). Health Physics 99(6):818-836; 2010. Similar lineup of guidelines as ACGIH® http://www.icnirp.org/

Federal Communications Commission (FCC) FCC OET 65: Evaluating Compliance with FCC Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields (https://transition.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Engineering_Technology/Documents/bulleti ns/oet65/oet65.pdf) https://www.fcc.gov/general/radio-frequency-safety-0

Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) Dated Information Useful Links to Additional Resources https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/radiofrequencyradiation/standards.html

GM Standards Electrical and Magnetic Field Exposure Assessment – S&IH TS 3.4-170-07 Non-Ionizing Radiation – S&IH TS 3.4-170-09 GM Occupational Exposure Limits List – S&IH TS 3.4-150-02

Static Magnetic Fields – ACGIH Limits

Static and Sub-Radiofrequency Electric Fields (1 Hz - 30 kHz) 0 Hz < f < 220 Hz ETLV = 25 kV/m 220 Hz < f < 3 kHz ETLV = 5.525 x 106/f 3 kHz < f < 30 kHz ETLV = 1842 V/m Ceiling value for exposure of persons wearing cardiac pacemakers or other implanted medical electronic devices is 1 kV/m at power frequencies (50/60 Hz).

Sub-Radiofrequency Magnetic Fields (1 Hz - 30 kHz)

RF Limits Several standards define “controlled vs. public” limits Public: RF Safety Program Unavailable IEEE C95.1-2005 Example: Category Freq (MHz) E (V/m) H (A/m) S (W/m2) Ave Time (Min) Controlled 100-300 61.4 0.163 10 6 Public 100-400 27.5 0.0729 2 30

Concepts of Time and Spatial Averaging Excursions above limits allowed if specified average over time (usually 6 minutes) is within limits. Spatial averaging allowed for non-uniform exposures (average over an area equivalent to body cross section)

Time Averaging Example Averaging time for IEEE Controlled Area standard is 6 minutes for the range 3 kHz – 15 GHz Averaging time is 616,000/f1.2 from 15 GHz to 300 GHz, where f is MHz From 30 to 300 MHz (where MPE = 1 mW/cm2) exposures greater than the limit are permitted such that: S (mW/cm2) ● t (min) = 6 mW-min/cm2)

Time Averaging Example II T ≥ 6 min S = 1 mW/cm2 T = 3 min S = 2 mW/cm2 T = 1 min S = 6 mW/cm2 T = 0.5 min S = 12 mW/cm2

Spatial Averaging Example Heat Sealer 20cm

Mixed Frequency Calculation In mixed fields with emitters at frequencies with different MPEs, the fraction of the MPE incurred within each frequency range should be determined and the sum of all such fractions should not exceed unity.

Mixed Frequency Calculation II S1, S2, and S3 represent the individual plane-wave equivalent power density values S1 is in the range 0.1- 3 MHz (MPE = 100 mW/cm2) S2 is in the range 30-100 MHz (MPE = 1 mW/cm2) S3 is in the range 3-100 GHz (MPE = 10 mW/cm2) Permitted exposure must satisfy: S1/100 + S2/1 + S3/10 ≤ 1

ACGIH TLV® for UV Radiation – Spectral Effectiveness

Ultraviolet Radiation For a broadband source (180 - 315 nm), use 'effectiveness factors' to account for both eye/skin sensitivity at various wavelengths (based on maximum biological effect at 270 nm): Calculate the effective irradiance of a broadband source using: Eeff = S El Sl Dl, where: Eeff = effective irradiance (W/cm2) relative to 270 nm El = spectral irradiance (W/cm2 • nm) Sl = relative spectral effectiveness (unitless), Dl = bandwidth (nm) 8 hour Eeff TLV =0.1 μW/cm2

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