MAV Mark What are the two types of vascular tissue in plants? What do they transport?

Mav Mark What are three functions of stems? 2. What are three functions of roots?

Mav Mark 1. What are three functions of stems? 2. What are three functions of roots?

Mav Mark Why do trees lose leaves in the fall?

MAV Mark What are three responses that plants have? Give an example of each

Seed Plants

1. A seed plant Has vascular tissue Sexually reproduces with pollen and egg to form a seed

2. The two types of vascular tissue are Phloem transports food Xylem transports water and minerals

3. Seed plants Do not need water for fertilization Produce sperm cells inside the pollen Produce seeds after the pollen fertilizes the eggs

4. Inside the seed There is a partially developed plant There are three parts Embryo (develops from the zygote) Stored food (feeds embryo for many years) Seed coat (outer covering of the seed)

5. Seeds can be dispersed by Animals that eat fruits and deposit them somewhere else Hooks or barbs that stick to animals and fall off Water Wind

6. Germination Occurs when a seed starts to grow into a new plant It needs Temperature Water Sunlight Soil

7. Roots anchor a plant into the ground Two types of roots are Fibrous roots Taproots A root cap has many dividing cells and it covers the tip of the root

8. Stems carry substances between the roots and leaves Stems can be: Herbaceous (no wood, very soft) Woody Bark is the outer covering of a stem Annual rings form each year Can help determine a trees age

9. Leaves carry out photosynthesis The stomata is an opening in the leaf that opens and closes to let gases in and out Carbon dioxide goes in Oxygen goes out Transpiration is how plants lose water through the leaves Large leaves lose more water than needles

Plant Growth and Responses

1. A plant’s response to a stimulus is called a tropism. Negative tropism is when a plant grows away from the stimulus Positive tropism is when the plant grows toward the stimulus Stimuli that plants respond to are: Touch Light Gravity

2. Vines respond to the stimulus of touch. As vines grow, they coil around the object they are touching. This is a positive tropism.

2. Leaves, stems and flowers respond to light. Plants that grow toward the light show positive tropisms

3. Plants respond to gravity The roots show positive tropism by growing downward The stems show negative tropism by growing upward

5. Plants produce hormones A hormone is a chemical that affects how the plant grows Auxin is a hormone that helps a plant’s cells grow Hormones affect germination, fertilization, and fruit and flower development

6. Plants also respond to seasonal changes A plant’s response to a change in the length of day or night is called photoperiodism Short-day plants flower when the day is short and the night is long (winter) Long-day plants flower when the day is long and the night is short (summer) Day-neutral plants are not sensitive to day / night length

7. Dormancy is a period of rest Dormancy helps plants to survive freezing temperatures or lack of drinking water

8. Angiosperms are classified three ways. Annuals have herbaceous stems and complete their life cycle in one growing season (marigolds, petunias, wheat, cucumbers) Biennials complete their life cycle in two years. The first year the plant grows, the second year the plant produces seeds Perennials are flowering plants that live more than two years. Most have woody stems (maple trees)