Choosing Foods Wisely Chapter 02

What Is Nutritional Status? Undernutrition Inadequate intake of nutrient or energy Nutritional deficiency Overnutrition Nutritional toxicity Nutritional status Malnutrition

What Is Nutritional Status? Malnutrition Primary malnutrition Inadequate diet Secondary malnutrition Treatment Adequate nutrient intake Influential factors Nutritional accuracy

Dietary Intake Influences Nutritional Status & Health

How Is Nutritional Status Assessed? ABCD methods of nutritional assessment Anthropometric measurement Physical dimensions and composition Easy and inexpensive Height and weight Circumferences Body composition Amount and distribution

How Is Nutritional Status Assessed? ABCD methods of nutritional assessment Biochemical measurement Lab analysis of biological sample Clinical assessment Medical history Signs Symptoms

How Is Nutritional Status Assessed? ABCD methods of nutritional assessment Dietary assessment Diet recall Food frequency questionnaire Diet record or food record Food composition tables and dietary analysis software

How Much of a Nutrient Is Adequate? Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) Set of four dietary assessment standards Life stages 16 for females and 10 for males Nutrient requirement Amount that must be consumed for optimal health Factors that influence nutrient requirements

Dietary Reference Intake Standards

How Much of a Nutrient Is Adequate? Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) Meets physiological requirement of half of healthy people Not available for all nutrients Cannot be used for individuals Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) Derived from EARs Used for individuals

Comparing EARs to RDAs

How Much of a Nutrient Is Adequate? Adequate Intake levels (AIs) Not enough evidence to establish EAR Only AIs for life stage birth to 6 months Tolerable Upper Intake levels (ULs) Highest level of usual daily intake likely to be safe

Using DRI Values to Assess Nutritional Status

How Much of a Nutrient Is Adequate? Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) Average intake to maintain a healthy weight Influential factors Physical activity Mathematical equations

How Much of a Nutrient Is Adequate? Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs) Carbohydrates 45 to 65 percent of total energy Proteins 10 to 35 percent of total energy Fats 20 to 35 percent of total energy

How Can You Assess and Plan Your Diet? USDA food patterns Categorize nutritionally similar foods Recommendations for number of servings Currently five food groups Dietary Guidelines for Americans Incorporate USDA food patterns

How Can You Assess and Plan Your Diet? 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans Important facts Obesity epidemic Physical inactivity and poor diet Inability to acquire adequate food Overarching goals Help maintain energy balance over time Help choose nutrient-dense foods

How Can You Assess and Plan Your Diet? 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans Four groups of recommendations Balance calories to manage weight Strategies Reduce consumption of certain foods & food components Foods and food components of concern

How Can You Assess and Plan Your Diet? 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans Four groups of recommendations Increase consumption of certain foods and nutrients Potassium, dietary fiber, calcium, & vitamin D Nutrients for certain populations Build healthy eating patterns Key recommendations

How Can You Assess and Plan Your Diet? USDA Food Patterns Twelve eating patterns Kinds of foods and proportions Based on caloric needs Five food groups Nutrient density Examples Beverage intake Recommendations

How Can You Assess and Plan Your Diet? MyPlate Visual food guide Replaced MyPyramid Daily food plans Four basic themes Build a healthy plate Cut back on… Eat the right amount of calories for you Be physically active your way

The USDA MyPlate Graphic

An Example of a Daily Food Plan

How Can You Use Food Labels to Plan a Healthy Diet? Required information on a food label Nutrition Facts panel Nutrient content of the food Critical elements mandated by FDA Daily Values Two types Nutrient’s recommended daily intake Nutrient’s upper limit “Good source”

Understanding Food Labels & Nutrition Facts Panels

How Can You Use Food Labels to Plan a Healthy Diet? Nutrient content claims How much of a nutrient is in a food Health claims Potential health benefits of foods or food components Must be approved by FDA Two kinds of health claims Regular health claim Qualified health claim

FDA-Approved Nutrient Content Claims

Can You Put These Concepts into Action? Step 1: Set the stage and set your goals Step 2: Assess your nutritional status Step 3: Set the table to meet your goals Step 4: Compare your plan and your assessment