LANDMARKS IN HUMANITIES Chapter 3 Empire: The Power and Glory of Rome Circa 500 B.C.E. - 500 C.E.

The Roman Rise to Empire (1) Rome’s Early History Rome, central Italy settled by Iron Age tribe: the Latins Rest of Italy settled by Etruscans, Greeks, Phoenicians Latins absorbed culture of other peoples Etruscans: urban planning; the arch; sarcophagi art Greeks: gods and goddesses; Classical style ©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Roman Rise to Empire (2) The Roman Republic (509–133 B.C.E.) 509 B.C.E., Latins overthrew Etruscan rule Res publica Popular Assembly Made up of plebeians; power vested in two elected magistrates Senate Made up of the wealthy patricians; controlled lawmaking Plebeians increased their political influence Given privilege of making laws, 287 B.C.E. ©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Roman Rise to Empire (3) Rome adopted expansionist course United all of Italy by force or negotiation Punic Wars ended with destruction of Carthage in 146 B.C.E. Mare nostrum By end of first century B.C.E., Roman Empire included much of present-day Europe, North Africa, and southwest Asia Efficient administrators Disciplined army was backbone of the Empire ©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Roman Rise to Empire (4) ©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Roman Rise to Empire (5) The Collapse of the Republic (133–30 B.C.E) Roman imperialism changed the Republic Rich grew richer, poor poorer Senate, army grew more powerful Latifundia worked by slaves increased agricultural productivity and drove small farmers out of business Reform measures failed; first century B.C.E., age of military dictators 46 B.C.E., Gaius Julius Caesar entered Rome and established dictatorship ©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Roman Rise to Empire (6) Julius Caesar Conquered Gaul; successful campaigns in Syria, Asia Minor, and Egypt Cleopatra Populist reforms restabilized Rome Julius Caesar assassinated by senatorial opponents led by Brutus in 44 B.C.E. ©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Roman Rise to Empire (7) The Roman Empire: Pax Romana (30 B.C.E.–180 C.E.) Power struggle between Caesar’s Mark Anthony and Octavian Octavian victorious at Actium in 31 B.C.E. Octavian given title of Augustus Military dictatorship ©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Roman Rise to Empire (8) Pax Romana: era of peace and stability Active commercial contact Artistic and literary productivity Public works projects Birth of Christianity Following death of Augustus, Rome continued to be ruled by military officials No system for succession to imperial throne ©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Roman Rise to Empire (9) Roman Law Landmark achievement: development of a system of law Developed out of practical necessity Twelve Tables of Law Acts of the Assembly and Senate, and public decrees of emperors, added over time Interpreted by praetors and jurisconsults Became case law; developed precedent ©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Roman Literature (1) Latin Prose Literature Used prose to compile and transmit information Geographies, encyclopedias, histories Titus Livius Marcus Tullius Cicero Oratory, epistles Renowned for clarity and eloquence Concern for political realities Essay On Duty ©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Roman Literature (2) Philosophic Thought Romans respected and preserved writings of Hellenic and Hellenistic thinkers Admired Aristotle, Epicurean and Stoic works Lucretius popularized theories of Democritus and Leucippus Stoicism became especially popular Rational detachment; subjugation of emotion to reason Seneca, On Tranquility of Mind ©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Roman Literature (3) Epic Poetry Golden Age of Latin literature under Augustus Landmark work: Virgil’s Aeneid Literary epic glorifying imperial achievements of Augustus, the primacy of duty Became foundation for education in Latin language Lyric Poetry and Satire Eclogues, Virgil Glorification of natural landscape and rustic inhabitants Catullus, Poems to Lesbia ©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Roman Literature (4) Ovid Metamorphoses Stories of Greek and Roman gods The Art of Love Misogynistic guide to the art of seduction Horace Odes Lyric poetry; criticisms on Roman life; satire Satire: Roman landmark contribution to literature Juvenal, Satires “Against Women”—antifemale diatribe ©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Roman Literature (5) Roman women Could not vote or hold public office Could own property and manage their legal affairs Educated with boys Bias of Juvenal likely reflection of widespread public outcry against licentiousness ©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Roman Literature (6) Roman Drama Modeled on Greek works Entertainment for civic festivals (ludi) Most surviving plays are comedic Plautus; Terence ©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Art and Empire (1) Roman Architecture Reflected practical needs of sprawling empire Superb engineers Arch Vault Aqueducts Use of concrete Architecture and engineering considered same discipline Vitruvius, Ten Books on Architecture ©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Art and Empire (2) Roman amphitheaters “Bread and circuses” Circus Maximus Colosseum Combination of arch and post-and-lintel Pantheon Landmark that inspired more works of architecture than any other in Greco-Roman history Temple to seven planetary deities Observes classical principles of symmetry and harmony Maison Carrée ©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Art and Empire (3) Roman baths Elaborate structures fed by hot springs Centered on a basilica Basilica ideal for courts of law, meeting halls, marketplaces Nave, apse ©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Art and Empire (4) ©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Art and Empire (5) Roman Sculpture Political power advertised in monumental public works; visual propaganda Triumphal arches Victory columns Sculpture served political function Ruler on horseback Roman realism So lifelike that use of wax death mask suspected Portrait sculpture reflected personality and character of the sitter ©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Art and Empire (6) Roman Painting and Mosaic Pompeii; Herculaneum Villas built around atrium; surrounding walls painted with frescoes Use of illusionism (tromp l’ oeil) Empirical perspective Light and shade Still Life with Eggs and Thrushes Invention of still life; landscape painting Demonstrated affection for the tangible, nature ©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Art and Empire (7) Roman Music No surviving examples of musical resources Music theory and most instruments adopted from Greeks Music essential to public entertainment, military life Developed brass instruments for military processions Water organ used in theater and public sports arenas ©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Art and Empire (8) The Fall of Rome Exact cause of fifth-century C.E. collapse of the Roman Empire unknown Likely a slow decline caused by combination of internal circumstances Difficulties governing huge empire Decline of slave trade Increasing gap between rich and poor Between 335 and 385, twenty-six emperors ruled Rome (only one died naturally) In 476, empire fell ©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Beyond the West: China’s Rise to Empire (1) The Qin Dynasty (221–210 B.C.E.) Created empire by defeating all rival states “First Emperor” Shih Huang Di Salaried bureaucracy Census Standardization and uniformity in written language, coinage, weights and measures Promoted silk industry Great Wall of China Landmark expression of Qin power: Shi Huang Di’s tomb Terracotta soldiers ©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Beyond the West: China’s Rise to Empire (2) The Han Dynasty (210 B.C.E.–220 C.E.) High point of Chinese classical civilization Tripled size of the empire Visual Arts and Music Royal tombs Bronze-casting and ceramics Musical instruments found in tombs Bells, zithers, panpipes, flutes, drums ©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Beyond the West: China’s Rise to Empire (3) Han Literature Landmark writings that influence Chinese culture today Restoration of Confucianism Five Chinese classics Record keeping Landmark work: Sima Qian, Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian) Lyric poetry Much of it written by women ©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Beyond the West: China’s Rise to Empire (4) LITERARY LANDMARKS THE FIVE CHINESE CLASSICS (Circa 1000 -500 B.C.E.)* The Book of Changes (I jing)—a text for divination The Book of History (Shu jing)—government records: speeches, reports, and announcements by rulers and ministers of ancient China The Book of Songs (Shi jing)—an anthology of some three hundred poems: folk songs, ceremonial and secular poems The Book of Rites (Li chi)—a collection of texts centering on rules of conduct for everyday life The Spring and Autumn Annals (Chun-chiu)—commentaries that chronicle events up to the fifth century B.C.E. *A sixth classic, on music, is no longer in existence. ©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Beyond the West: China’s Rise to Empire (5) ©2016, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.