U.S. in World War II ESSENTIAL QUESTION: How were the United States and its Allies able to achieve victory in World War II?

TEKS and Objectives We will… I will… (7A) identify reasons for U.S. involvement in WWII (7B) evaluate the domestic and international leadership of FDR during WWII (7C) analyze the function of the U.S. Office of War Information (7D) analyze the interment of German, Italian, and Japanese Americans and Executive Order 9066 (7G) explain the home front and how American patriotism inspired exceptional actions by citizens and military personnel (17A) describe economic effects of WWII on the home front (19B) explain the constitutional issues raised during WWII Analyze primary sources in order to evaluate U.S. reaction to and involvement in WWII

American Neutrality Neutrality Acts (1935-1937) Cash-and-Carry Policy Americans prohibited from travelling on ships of nations at war Americans prohibited from selling arms to countries at war Cash-and-Carry Policy Sold non-military goods to nations opposed to aggression (Allied Powers) Countries had to pay cash and carry on their own ships

Japan Invades China FDR’s “Quarantine Speech” Said peaceful nations had to act together to quarantine (isolate) aggressive nations Encouraged democratic nations to boycott aggressors Most Americans opposed to U.S. military intervention

Roosevelt’s “Quarantine” Speech called for economic embargoes against aggressors. The speech caused an uproar with isolationists, and Roosevelt later backed down: “It is my [hope] to pursue a policy of peace and avoid involvement in war. There is an interdependence about the modern world, which makes it impossible for any nation to isolate itself from [the] upheavals in the rest of the world, especially when such upheavals appear to be spreading. It seems that the epidemic of world lawlessness is spreading. When an epidemic of disease starts to spread, the community joins in a quarantine of the patients in order to protect the health of the community against the spread of the disease.” If the free nations of the world had acted as Roosevelt proposed, would World War II have been prevented? Explain your answer.

Aid Sent to China Burma Road Flying Tigers Used by British to send supplies Cut off by enemy Flying Tigers Volunteer fighter pilots Sent supplies Destroyed almost 300 Japanese aircraft

America Prepares for War Congress Increased spending on army and navy Enacted first peacetime draft President Roosevelt Ran for/was elected to third term First and last president to do so

Supporting the Allies Lend-Lease Act U.S. Navy U.S. would sell, lease, or lend war materials to “any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States” U.S. Navy Battleships protected British ships in the Atlantic

Roosevelt and Churchill Roosevelt’s Vision for a World Based on Four Freedoms: Freedom of speech and expression Freedom of religion Freedom from want Freedom from fear Winston Churchill British Prime Minister Met with Roosevelt on U.S. warship Atlantic Charter U.S. and G.B. seeking no territorial gains, freedom of the seas, and end to all war Laid the foundation for the United Nations

Increasing U.S.-Japanese Tensions Japanese Industrialization needed raw materials and markets for their industries Japanese Imperialism Wanted to replace European imperialism in Asia Japanese Aggression Military leaders influenced national policy Invaded Manchuria (1931) and China (1937) Occupied southern Indochina (1941) U.S. Reaction Froze Japanese assets in the U.S. Cut off all trade with Japan (embargo)

Attack on Pearl Harbor Japanese Strategy December 7, 1941 Surprise attack to temporarily eliminate U.S. naval power from the Pacific Conquer territory in East Asia and the Pacific before U.S. can recover December 7, 1941 Two waves of Japanese airplanes attacked the U.S. Pacific fleet stationed in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii sank/severely damages 18 U.S. ships Killed/injured almost 6,000 Americans

The day after the attack on Pearl Harbor, President Roosevelt asked Congress for a declaration of war against Japan. “Yesterday, December 7, 1941 – a date that will live in infamy – the United States was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. The United States was at peace with the nation, and … was still in conversation with its government toward the maintenance of peace in the Pacific. Indeed, one hour after Japanese air squadrons had commenced bombing the American island of Oahu, the Japanese ambassador to the U.S. and his colleague delivered to our Secretary of State a formal reply to a recent American message and while this reply stated that it seemed useless to continue the existing diplomatic negotiations, it contained no threat or hint of war or of armed attack.” Should American officials have been surprised by the attack on Pearl Harbor? Explain your answer.

United States Goes to War Two-Front War U.S. declared war on Japan (Pacific) Germany and Italy declare war on the U.S. (Atlantic)

Americans at War: The Home Front War Bonds Purchased by citizens and used to pay for the war Industrial Production Switched rapidly from peacetime to wartime production Automobile factories  tank factories

Americans at War: The Home Front Rationing Regulated amount of goods consumers could get Food, coffee, tires, gasoline, clothing, etc. Ration coupons issued to each family, based on size Victory Gardens Vegetable gardens planted by Americans Made more food available for troops

Americans at War: The Home Front Office of War Information (OWI) Produced pro-Allied, anti-Axis propaganda (movies and posters) Produced radio programs, newsreels Made citizens aware of how they could help Stirred up distrust of German, Italian, and Japanese leaders

Americans at War: The Home Front Women in the Workforce New jobs, new skills, and new opportunities Women’s Army Corps (WAC) provided wartime jobs Women replaced men so more could be sent into combat

Ethnic Minorities: Opportunities and Obstacles African Americans Many also replaced men in the workforce 1 million served in the military in segregated units Leaders demanded and obtained all-black combat units Tuskegee Airmen African-American fighter group in the Air Corps Provided escorts for pilots on bombing missions

Ethnic Minorities: Opportunities and Obstacles Native Americans 25,000 served in combat 40,000 left their reservations to work in defense industries Mexican Americans Served in both the army and navy Continued to face segregated housing, high unemployment, and low wages

Internment Camps Executive Order 9066 (February 1942) Forced Japanese Americans to relocated to internment camps away from Western coast Japanese Americans lived in primitive and crowded conditions Korematsu v. U.S. Japanese American refused to relocate Believed constitutional rights had been violated Supreme Court upheld Roosevelt’s Order on the grounds that constitutional liberties may be limited in wartime German and Italian Americans Small number also interned 2,000 German residents forcibly sent back to Germany