The Need for Strategic Environmental Assessment for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) in Japan Good Morning, everyone, today we are going to talk about the need for Strategic Environmental Assessment for Carbon Capture and Storage in Japan. I’m Kenichiro Yanagi from Meiji University in Japan. Centre for Environmental Law, Meiji University, Japan Presenting author: Professor Kenichiro Yanagi Co-authors: Dr. Eiji Komatsu & Dr. Akihiro Nakamura

Contents 1. Introduction: Background & Significance of SEA for CCS Important Role of SEA for CCS Theoretical Framework for SEA for CSS 2. The Need for Establishing SEA for CCS in Japan The Current Status of Japan’s CCS The Law relating to the Prevention of Marine Pollution and Maritime Disaster SEA for Japan’s CCS Comparison of Countries Adopting SEA Framework for CCS The Current EIA/SEA in Japan Comparison of Evaluated Receptors in CCS between SEA in the UK and ‘the Law relating to the Prevention of Marine Pollution and Maritime Disaster’ in Japan 3. Conclusion: Towards a SEA Framework for CCS in Japan Addressing Issues for a Future SEA for CCS in Japan Key Elements for a Future SEA for CCS in Japan Conclusion We will follow the list of contents. There are three main sections in this presentation, which are to describe and identify: Background and Significance of SEA for CCS; The Need for Establishing a SEA for CCS in Japan; and finally to conclude with suggesting key elements towards a Potential SEA Framework for CCS in Japan.

Introduction The Paris Agreement came into force on 4 November 2016. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is one of the significant approaches to mitigating a large amount of CO2 from the global atmosphere (GCCSI 2016a; and Streck et al., 2016). CCS has yet to be globally demonstrated at a commercial scale, and CCS implementation is still low (UNECE 2016). This presentation aims at reporting a part of the progress under our nationally funded research project, which is to develop a comprehensive policy and legislative framework for commercialising CCS in Japan. This study specifically suggests that a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) will play a significant role in assisting Japan’s future framework. Since the Paris Agreement came into force on 4 November 2016, CCS has been considered as one of the significant approaches to mitigating a large amount of CO2 from the global atmosphere . However, the current status of the world has yet to be globally demonstrated at a commercial scale, and CCS implementation is still low. It is a key challenge for nations and investors to understand the technology and benefits, and governments are responsible to prepare for a relevant policy framework for CCS. This presentation aims at reporting a part of the progress under our nationally funded research project, which is to develop a comprehensive policy and legislative framework for commercialising CCS in Japan. This study specifically suggests that SEA will play a significant role in assisting Japan’s future framework.

What is Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) the Tomakomai CCS Demonstration Project ２ Injection Well Monitoring well Injection Area (Source: Japan CCS Co., Ltd. (“JCCS”) )

Important Role of SEA for CCS It is essential to conduct a review process such as an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) on each CCS project to identify any significant environmental issues during the permit process. SEA is a similarly structured approach to EIA but focuses on a policy and regulatory decision for implementing multiple projects. Thus, both EIA and SEA are significant processes when considering CCS deployment ( IEA-GHG 2007) . SEA is a part of EIA and provides an opportunity for a country to assess environmental impacts at the planning stage. (IEA-GHG 2007). SEA has already been adopted and implemented in a number of countries, including the European Union (EU) countries, the United States and Canada. It is essential to conduct a review process such as an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) on each CCS project to identify any significant environmental issues during the permit process. SEA is a similarly structured approach to EIA but focuses on a policy and regulatory decision for implementing multiple projects. Thus, both EIA and SEA are significant processes when considering CCS deployment . SEA has already been adopted and implemented in a number of countries, including the European Union countries, the United States and Canada. The EU enacts the SEA Directive, providing a basis of SEA framework applied to plan /programme making.

Theoretical Framework for SEA for CCS Key Elements EIA SEA Target Look at a proposed CCS development proposal Is pro-active and informs CCS development proposals Key focus Assesses the effect of a proposed CCS project on the environment Assesses the effect of CCS policy, plans or programmes on the wider environment or needs and opportunities for the CCS development Area Addresses a specific proposed CCS project Measures areas, regions or industrial sectors of CCS development Measuring process Is to define beginning and end Is a continuing process providing information at the right time Impact areas Assesses direct impacts and benefits of the project Examines cumulative CCS impacts and identifies implications and issues for sustainable development Environmental protection Considers reduction of CCS impacts and possible CO2 leakages Is to continue a selected level of environmental quality The level of information Is a narrow focus on site specific perspective and specific detail of the project. Is a wide focus and a low level of detail to provide a vision and overall framework. Provide a review of cumulative global impacts of CCS Outcome Examines specific impacts of a proposed CCS project Suggests a framework against which CCS impacts and benefits can be examined. This table compares EIA and SEA for CCS deployment from the theoretical point of view. EIA plays a role particularly in addressing environmental impacts for the purpose of reviewing a project. On the other hand, SEA specifically examines the early stage for reviewing plan, programme and policy making. (Source: IEA 2007/ modified by Yanagi, Komatsu and Nakamura 2017)

The Current Status of Japan’s CCS The Japanese government submitted Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 2015. Japan decided on a GHG reduction target of 26% below 2013 level by 2030 (MoFAoJ 2016). The potential storage capacity of approximately 5.2 billion t-CO2 for a relevant reservoir and 150 billion t-CO2 in total value is estimated for Japan (Ito 2008). The government intends further research in order to commercialise CCS deployment by 2020. The government has also acknowledged that CCS Ready can further create cleaner coal fired power with the reduction of environmental impacts（MITI 2014）. Currently, the Tomakomai CCS Demonstration Project has been endorsed by Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) since February 2012 (Japan CCS Co., Ltd 2016). The Japanese government submitted Intended Nationally Determined Contributions to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 2015. Japan decided the GHG reduction target of 26% below 2013 level by 2030 . With regard to the potential of CCS in Japan, the existing geological data estimated the potential storage capacity of approximately 5.2 billion t-CO2 for an appropriate reservoir and 150 billion t-CO2 in total value. Thus, as a key technology to contribute to meeting Japan’s GHG reduction target, the government intends further research in order to commercialise CCS deployment by 2020, including a range of research and development programmes of large-scale CCS pilot projects and carbon separation/capture technologies, safety assessment, and storage site selection. The government has also acknowledged that CCS Ready can further create cleaner coal-fired power with the reduction of environmental impacts. Currently, the Tomakomai CCS Demonstration Project has been endorsed by Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry since February 2012. The project aims to demonstrate an overall CCS system from capture to storage as a basis for commercialising CCS from 2020. .

‘The Law relating to the Prevention of Marine Pollution and Maritime Disaster’ in 2007 The amendment of ‘the Marine Pollution and Prevention Law’ in 2007 considers the future CCS. This law only requires security for ‘injection storage’ and ‘closure and post-closure’. Furthermore the law only accepts an operator for a licence of ‘storage’ and/or ‘waste’ up to maximum 5 years, thus it has yet to be a comprehensive framework (Nakamura 2007; and GCCSI 2016b). There is a need for an appropriate energy and climate policy in order for Japan to commercialise the technology. It is important to set a specific target indicating how much reduction of CO2 emission CCS can contribute, and to establish a comprehensive legal framework (i.e. long-term management and liability) (IEA 2012) The amendment of ‘the Marine Pollution and Prevention Law’ in 2007 considers the future CCS in Japan. In particular, this law only requires security for ‘injection storage’ and ‘closure and post-closure’. Furthermore the law only accepts an operator for a licence of ‘storage’ and/or ‘waste’ up to maximum 5 years. Thus it is yet to be a comprehensive framework. There is a need for an appropriate energy and climate policy in order for Japan to commercialise the technology. It is important to set a specific target indicating how much reduction of CO2 emission CCS can contribute, and to establish a comprehensive legal framework such as long-term management, security and liability.

The Current EIA/SEA in Japan Comparison of Existing EIA & SEA Framework in EU and Japan In Japan, the EIA Law was amended in April 2011. The law provides an opportunity to review significant environmental impacts for multiple development plans at the early stage, involving consultation processes by the responsible minister, related authorities and the public. The results help in decision-making, which enables prevention and reduction of any potential environmental impacts. However, the law does not provide a comprehensive framework such as SEA, which is widely implemented in a number of countries especially among EU members. SEA does not only aim at considering the environmental aspect, but also social and economic aspects at the planning stage . (Source: Ito 2014 )

Comparison of Countries Adopting SEA Framework for CCS Relevant Legislative Frameworks for SEA Implementing SEA for CCS Germany The amended Environmental Impact Assessment Act (2005) (In German: UVPG) CCS projects are not specifically mentioned in the Act. EU SEA Directive (Directive 2001/42/EC) The U.K The Environmental Assessment of Plans and Programmes Regulations 2004. Under the Act, currently OESEA has been undertaken for a potential CCS as one of the important areas for the national energy security. Canada The Cabinet Directive on Environmental Assessment of Policy, Plan and Programme Proposals. The U.S The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 Japan Japan has not enacted a national legislation-based SEA system except for port and harbour plan, although the current EIA now adopted the consideration of project review at the planning stage. N/A This slide describes a comparison of a number of selected countries, which are enacting a legal framework for SEA for current or potential implementation for CCS. Japan has not enacted a national legislation-based SEA system except for port and harbour plan, although the current EIA now adopted the consideration of project review at the planning stage. Thus, there is no legislation implementing SEA in Japan. (Source from IEA 2007 and ADB 2015/ modified by Yanagi, Komatsu and Nakamura 2017 )

Comparison of Evaluated Receptors in CCS between SEA in the UK and ‘the Law relating to the Prevention of Marine Pollution and Maritime Disaster’ in Japan Most recently, the UK Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) prepared an Environmental Report as part of its Offshore Energy Strategic Environmental Assessment [OESEA] programme. OESEA applies to a draft plan/programme to hold further offshore leasing/licensing for a number of developing areas, including CCS (DECC 2016). This slide shows a comparison of assessing criteria for SEA in the UK and ‘the Law relating to the Prevention of Marine Pollution and Maritime Disaster’ in Japan, based on the selected criteria for OESEA. As you can see the existing legislation for CCS has not covered most of the criteria listed in the UK’s SEA. It may not be necessary to cover all the listed criteria for all the nations in terms of commercialising CCS, however, it shows how comprehensive the UK’s SEA model is in order to protect impacts of a future development in the country in considering environmental, social and economic aspects. Thus, it is essential for Japan to look at what criteria the nation needs to apply for a future large scale development, in this case particularly for CCS. Table: Comparison of Evaluated Receptors in CCS between SEA in the UK and the Act on Prevention of Marine Pollution and Maritime Disaster in Japan/ Yanagi, Komatsu and Nakamura 2017

Addressing Issues for a Future SEA for CCS in Japan The existing legislation only requires EIA results from applicants. It is important that energy policy and/or climate change policy will need to address the clear target of CCS (i.e. both quantitative and qualitative targets) incorporated with energy and climate change policy. The current legislation will need to address the position for SEA in terms of a decision-making process in granting a licence and implementation for CCS activities. SEA for CCS in Japan will need relevant regulations, process and authorities, which will support the SEA process. SEA needs the relevant criteria and alternatives to them, which should depend on the national circumstances. It also needs to examine potential tradeoffs and identify a preferred alternative(s) for the nation. It is also important to make a decision on the sensitivity of the assessment results to uncertainties (i.e. political feasibility, social benefit, potential risk for CO2 leakage and long term liability). Our study addressed a number of issues which should be considered in order to develop a future SEA in Japan particularly for CCS. First, the existing legislation only requires EIA results from applicants. EIA also requires an analysis at the planning stage, however, it is not SEA, especially in the early stage of policy making, and plan/programme. It is important that energy policy and climate change policy will need to address the clear target of CCS (i.e. both quantitative and qualitative targets). To do that, the decision may be discussed through SEA for making a policy. The current legislation will need to address the position for SEA in terms of decision-making process in granting a licence and implementation for CCS activities. SEA for CCS in Japan will need appropriate regulations, process and authorities, which will support the SEA process. SEA also needs the relevant criteria and alternatives to them, which should depend on the national circumstance. It also needs to examine potential tradeoffs and identify a preferred alternative(s) for the nation. It is also important to make a decision on the sensitivity of the assessment results to uncertainties, such as political feasibility, social benefit, potential risk for CO2 leakage and long term liability.

Key Elements for a Future SEA for CCS in Japan SEA Broad Framework Policy, Plan and/or Programme Legislative Requirements for SEA for CCS (i.e. Requirements for Guidelines and their Implementation) Relevant SEA Process Environmental Report Evaluative Receptors (Environmental, Social and Economic Aspects) Indicators for Monitoring Consultation (Consultation Bodies and Authorities) Public Involvement (Public Notice and Formal Public Consultation on Website) Post Consultation Report Elements Specifically Applied to SEA for CCS Site Selection Application Issues (CO2 Capture, CO2 Transport, CO2 Storage, Ownership, Liability etc.) Targeting Governmental Goals and Priorities, License and/ or Leasing Approval for CCS CCS Alternatives CO2 Receptors for CCS Integrated Assessment Method with Storage Performance Assessment (SPA) Institutional Arrangement Furthermore, there are a range of key issues towards a future SEA framework for CCS in Japan, which could be broken down into two major aspects, including SEA broad framework and elements specifically applied to SEA for CCS. Each aspect requires a variety of key requirements in order to establish the most relevant SEA model especially for Japan which should be addressed. For example, we must address the application issues relevant to CCS such as licensing issues, issues in different phases of the operation, property rights and liability issues. It is also important to address those numbers of issues during different operation stages by considering a number of scientific methodologies and information for storage sites in order to avoid potential CO2 leakage, cumulative effects and incidental issues. We also need to consider a range of potential alternatives for CCS implementation, based on the appropriate methods and information both quantitatively and qualitatively. (Sources: IEA-GHG 2007; Gao 2008; ABD 2015; and DECC 2016 / Yanagi, Komatsu and Nakamura 2017 )

Conclusion SEA in Japan will play an important role in addressing potential impacts, not only environmental, but also social and economic aspects. The SEA will also be helpful for policy making, plan and programmes for CCS deployment. The SEA will also be useful, not only to address each phase of CCS operation stages, but also to find the relevant space to install CCS technology and facilities both in energy power plants, pipelines and storage sites. The SEA needs the relevant authorities, process and regulations, thus Japan may need to prepare for the appropriate framework both in policy, legislation and regulations. However, it may also be possible that the existing law and EIA can be modified to include the function of the SEA in order to cover the role of the SEA. There is thus a need for us to ensure which elements, criteria and process could potentially be included to make the best approach to establishing a SEA in Japan in order to promote and implement CCS at the commercial scale. In Conclusion, This study aimed at suggesting that SEA would play a significant role in assisting the future framework for commercializing CCS technology in Japan. In terms of commercializing CCS technology in Japan, SEA will play an important role in addressing potential impacts, not only environmental, but also social and economic aspects depending on Japan’s policy priorities and circumstances. The SEA will also be helpful for policy making, plan and programmes for CCS deployment. The SEA will also be useful, not only to address each phase of CCS operation stages, but also to find the appropriate space to install CCS technology and facilities in energy power plants, pipelines and storage sites. The SEA needs the relevant authorities, process and regulations, thus Japan may need to prepare for the appropriate framework both in policy, legislation and regulations. However, it may also be possible that the existing law and EIA can be modified to include the function of SEA in order to cover the role of SEA. There is thus a need for us to ensure which elements, criteria and process could potentially be included to make the best approach to establishing a SEA model in Japan in order to promote and implement CCS at the commercial scale. This is the end of our presentation. Thank you for your attention.

Thank you for your attention Thank you for your attention! The Need for Strategic Environmental Assessment for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) in Japan Centre for Environmental Law, Meiji University, Japan Presenting author: Professor Kenichiro Yanagi Co-authors: Dr. Eiji Komatsu & Dr. Akihiro Nakamura Thank you for your attention. This study is supported by “Environment Research and Technology Development Fund of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan” This study is supported by “Environment Research and Technology Development Fund of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan”

Additional Information

References ADB (Asian Development Bank), 2015. “Integrating Strategic Environmental Assessment Into Power Planning”. Philippines. Available at:https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/162112/strategic-environmental-assessment-power-planning.pdf DECC (The Department of Energy & Climate Change), 2015. “UK Offshore Energy Strategic Environmental Assessment (UK OESEA3)”. Scoping for Environmental Report. July 2015. DECC, 2016. “UK Offshore Energy Strategic Environmental Assessment”. OESEA3. Post Consultation Report. July 2016. Gao, M.A.,“Sea Guidance: A Reinterpretation of the Sea Directive and its Application to the Energy Sector. European Environmental Law Review 15(5): 129-148. GCCSI (The Global CCS Institute), 2016. “Paris Agreement enters into force: CCS climate change mitigation role reconfirmed”. Media release. IEA GHG (IEA-Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme), 2007. “Environmental Assessment For CO2 Capture and Storage”. Technical Study. 2007/1, March 2007. White and Noble 2012 IEA (International Energy Agency) 2012. “A Policy Strategy For Carbon Capture and Storage”. OECD/IEA. Paris. France. January 2012. Ito, T., 2014. “Current Situation for EIA in Japan”. Environmental Impact Assessment Division, Environmental Policy Bureau, Ministry of the Environment, Japan. Available at: http://www.aecen.org/sites/default/files/5_overview_of_the_eia_implementation_in_japan_.pdf Japan CCS Co., Ltd 2016. “Tomakomai CCS Demonstration Project”. Available at http://www.japanccs.com. MoFAoJ (The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan) 2016. “Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC): Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Target in FY2030”. 8th, September 2016. Available at: http://www.mofa.go.jp/ic/ch/page1we_000104.html (Ito 2008) MITI(Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry) 2014, “Cabinet Decision on the New Strategic Energy Plan”. Available at: http://www.meti.go.jp/english/press/2014/0411_02.html Streck, C. et al., 2016. “The Paris Agreement: A New Beginning”. Journal for European environmental & planning law, 13(1): 3-29. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe [UNECE] 2016. “CCS in mid-2016: a high-level overview”. Version 2, 20 October 2016. Geneva. UNFCCC (The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change), 2016. “Paris Agreement-Status of Ratification”. Available at: http://unfccc.int/paris_agreement/items/9444.php Yanagi, Kenichiro., 2011. “Comprehensive study of environmental assessment law”, p.105-107, Seibunsha., Japan

Question 1 How can you apply those addressed key elements, criteria and process to a future SEA framework for CCS in Japan? What will the model be like?

Potential Options for the Future SEA Framework for CCS Option 1 To use the existing EIA system to cover the role of SEA like port and harbour plan Option 2 To use the existing EIA integrated with other impact assessment tools. (e.g. Tokyo Olympic 2020 Environmental Impact Assessment associated with health impact assessment). Option 3 To establish a SEA framework in Japan, in considering a range of national development issues including CCS There are three potential options could be considered in order to evaluate any effectiveness out of CCS deployment in this country. First, To use the existing EIA system to cover the role of SEA like port and harbour plan. Second, To use the existing EIA integrated with other impact assessment tools. (e.g. Tokyo Olympic 2020 Environmental Impact Assessment associated with health impact assessment). Third, To establish a SEA framework in Japan, in considering a range of national development issues including CCS. This time, we are suggesting the third option as the most relevant approach could be applied to CCS deployment. This is because applying the existing EIA and/ or integrated assessment method could potentially create complicated, especially for the case of CCS, which need to cover local to global aspects, as well as technical, scientific and complex knowledge with social aspects. Thus, the following slides describe the potential model for SEA framework for CCS based on the option 3.

Proposed a SEA Framework for CCS in Japan SEA Broad Framework Policy, Plan and/or Programme Legislative Requirements for SEA for CCS (i.e. Requirements for Guideline and its Implementation) Relevant SEA Process Environmental Report Evaluative Receptors (Environmental, Social and Economic Aspects) Indicators for Monitoring Consultation (Consolation Bodies and Authorities) Public Involvement (Public Notice and Formal Public Consultation on Web-site) Post Consultation Report Elements Specifically Applied to SEA for CCS Site Selection Application Issues (CO2 Capture, CO2 Transport, CO2 Storage, Ownership, Liability and etc) Targeting Governmental Goals and Priorities, License and/ or Leasing Approval for CCS CCS Alternatives CO2 Receptors for CCS Integrated Assessment Method with Storage Performance Assessment (SPA) Institutional Arrangement Key Elements As previously described, this is a number of key elements in order to develop a SEA framework for CCS in Japan. (Sources: IEA-GHG 2007; Gao 2008; ABD 2015; and DECC 2016 / Yanagi, Komatsu and Nakamura 2017 )

Key Elements for SEA Guidelines for CCS in Japan Details Technical knowledge Reservoir storage integrity, reservoir engineering and other related geosciences to determine structural and stratigraphic potential and opportunities Broad sustainability, environmental, social and economic knowledge CO2 lateral migration potential, residual CO2 trapping, solubility trapping and mineral trapping and so on. Strategic and logical knowledge Location, operational life quality of CO2 feed etc. Broad institutional, national policy and regulatory knowledge The law relating to authorisation and permission in the short, medium and long term; monitoring, ownership, management, mitigation management, financial capacity and mechanisms etc. Clear guidance for priorities between local, regional, national and global environmental impacts Understanding social acceptability for pollution control and CCS development, impact of natural disasters such as Tsunami and Flood, impact of Climate Change There are also a range of key elements should be considered into the potential SEA guidelines in Japan particularly for CCS, as described in the table. However, the SEA is a higher level strategic study so should generally not require extensive detail, though some level of technical detail will be required to identify potentially variable sites. (Sources: IEA-GHG 2007; Gao 2008; ABD 2015; and DECC 2016 / Yanagi, Komatsu and Nakamura 2017 )

Proposed Process for SEA for CCS in Japan Relevant Statutory Consultation Bodies and Authorities Screening Consultation Screening Scoping Analysis of Alternative Options Project Description Baseline Review Impact Identification Impact Prediction Impact Significance Impact Mitigation Reporting Consultation Review Decision Making Monitoring Scoping Report Expert assessment workshops Sectoral meetings and workshop Regional stakeholder workshops. Environmental Report Environmental Aspect Social Aspect And Economic Aspects This slide describes our proposed SEA process for CCS in Japan. On the right of this describes a number of different actors and stakeholders dealing with a different stage of the process. On the left of the slide describes a various consultation, report and decision process could be applied against different stages of the process. Relevant Statutory Consultation Bodies and Authorities Public Feedback Post-Consultation Report Responsible Minister and/or Government Agency Issuing License/Leasing

Details of Key Elements for SEA for CCS in Japan Storage Performance Assessment (SPA) CCS Alternatives Site Selection Environmental analysis and comparison between power plant alternatives with and without CCS (i.e. consequences of increased coal mining following the introduction of CCS Environmental consequences of CCS compared to ‘no action’ Comparison of environmental effects associated with different technical alternatives Comparison of environmental consequences from a long term low leakage rate scenario, a short term high leakage rate scenario and a scenario where the concept works according to plan without leakages. Comparison of the magnitude and significance of different environmental consequences relating to CCS. Mapping the Underground Identifying Discrete Potential Leakage Paths in the Underground Grid of CO2 Flow Simulators (e.g. obtaining the necessary resolution of predictive simulation models of dynamic CO2 flow to adequately represent fluid movement. Modeling of Uncertainty in Leakage in the Underground Geology Seal Thickness and Integrity Fluid Compatibility and potential geochemical reactions Reservoir Properties Assessment Disposal Well Selection Well Modeling Well design, primary cementing, materials quality, corrosion, monitoring, abandonment Failure of wells and pipelines Surrounding environmental Literal migration potential Evaluative Receptors Indicators for Monitoring Atmosphere Agricultural land Populated areas Habitats Caves and indoor environments (i.e. basements) Lakes with seasonal turnover of water Lakes in regions that are not strongly seasonal Rivers/Streams Groundwater and etc… As previously mentioned, a number of other key factors need to be considered. Those are some of the main elements that should be adopted and integrated into the future SEA framework for CCS in Japan. The next slide describes how those key factors may be adopted into the SEA process. Biodiversity, habitats, flora and fauna Geology and soils Landscape/seascape Water Environment Air Quality Climatic Factors Population and human health Other users of the sea, material assets infrastructure, and natural resources Cultural Heritage Legal requirement for SEA for CCS Including cumulative impacts for SEA A legal requirement for establishing guidelines for SEA for CCS A legal requirement for undertaking an SEA for CCS Legislative Requirements

Proposed Process for SEA for CCS in Japan Screening Scoping Analysis of Alternative Options Project Description Baseline Review Impact Identification Impact Prediction Impact Significance Impact Mitigation Reporting Consultation Review Decision Making Monitoring Screening Consultation Legislative Requirements Scoping Report Site Selection Environmental Report Environmental Aspect Social Aspect Economic Aspect CCS Alternatives Evaluative Receptors CO2 Receptors for CCS This SEA framework for CCS in Japan includes not only technical, environmental, social and economic aspects, but also comprehensive approach to how such a high level discussion process can cover general to specific circumstances in relation to CCS technology and its deployment. Public Feedback SPA Post-Consultation Report Indicators for Monitoring Monitoring Objectives for Monitoring Issuing License/Leasing