Chapter 2 Plant Biology Florida Certified Horticulture Professional Manual

2.1 Life Cycle for Higher Order Plants seed - _____ - _____ - leaves - _______ - ______ - seed

2.2 Nature of Plant Cells and 2 Types of Cell Division Cells - “________________” of plant tissues Key components - cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, organelles and cytoplasm Cell (plasma) Membrane - allows passage of liquid, gases and _____________ solids; how plants attain food/water and eliminate waste. Cell Wall - distinction between plant and animal cells; contains __________ which provides rigidity (support) and allows plants to grow upright Nucleus - contains the ___________ material (chromosomes) Chloroplast - contain _____________ pigment which absorbs light energy during photosynthesis (how plants make food). Mitochondria - “power plant” where ______________ occurs; respiration is the reverse of ________________ Ornamental Horticulture, Ingels pages 10-13

2.2 Nature of Plant Cells and 2 Types of Cell Division Cell Reproduction - by division (mitosis); produces 2 cells _______________ to parent cell; each enlarges to mature size Basic Plant Growth - occurs through cell _________ and enlargement Cell Specialization or Differentiation - change in cell shape and nature; creates various plant __________________: bark, stem, leaves Division of Flower Cells - through “meiosis”; two ________________“daughter cells”; each containing half of the parent cells genes. Vegetative growth - ______________ Sexual Reproduction - ______________ Chromosomes - the _____________ material (genes) in both kinds of cell division Ornamental Horticulture, Ingels pages 78-80 (Mitosis and Meiosis)

2.3 Structure and Importance of Vascular System Vascular System - the plants “_________________ system”; how fluids move throughout the plant; found in roots, stems and leaves; composed of _____________ and _____________; Xylem - _______________ movement of fluids Phloem - _______________ movement Ornamental Horticulture, Ingels pages 13-14; Figure 1-10 page 11

2.3 Structure and Importance of Vascular System 2 Types of Vascular Systems - monocot and dicot Monocots (grasses, lilies and palms) - spread through stem in “__________________________” Dicots (most other plants) - just under bark; separated by _________________ Cambium - layer in dicots that separates xylem and phloem tissue; xylem formed from _____________ cells of cambium (growth rings); phloem formed by _______________ cells (bark) wire and weed-eaters are most common causes of vascular (cambium) injury/death of plants in landscapes Ornamental Horticulture, Ingels pages 13-14; Figure 1-10 page 11

2.4 Major Plant Organs and their Functions Roots, Stems, Leaves, Flowers, Fruit

2.4 Major Plant Organs and their Functions Roots Root Functions: ______________ plant in soil ___________ the top of plant ____________ water and minerals (food storage) (vegetative reproduction) Prevent soil erosion Ornamental Horticulture, Ingels pages 14-15; Figure 1-11 page 12

2.4 Major Plant Organs and their Functions Roots 2 Types of Root Systems: _________ Root System - one dominant main root (carrot, oaks, citrus, pines) with smaller branch roots _______________ Root System - highly branched with no dominant single root (palms and many nursery plants)

2.4 Major Plant Organs and their Functions Roots Root Hairs - elongated extension of single root cells that absorb ______________ and dissolved minerals; easily destroyed when soil is disturbed; causes stress or death Root Cap - _________________ tissue found at tip of each root root cap Ornamental Horticulture, Ingels pages 14-15; Figure 1-11 page 12

2.4 Major Plant Organs and their Functions Stems 3 Main Functions: 1. Support and hold ______________ 2. Conduct _____________ and dissolved minerals through xylem; sugars (plant food) through ____________ 3. Food storage organ Ornamental Horticulture, Ingels pages 13-14;

2.4 Major Plant Organs and their Functions Stems Modified Stems: Rhizomes - ________ (main stem); above or underground; ____________; roots grow from beneath, leaves from above (bahiagrass) Stolons - __________ (non-main stem); above or below ground stems (nut grass; strawberry)

2.4 Major Plant Organs and their Functions Stems Modified Stems (cont): Tuber - enlarged portion of underground stem (_______________); occur on stolons Corm - short, thick, underground ____________ stems Bulb - short, thick, underground vertical stems with storage _____________ (onion, garlic)

2.4 Major Plant Organs and their Functions Leaves Primary Function: ___________________ food for the plant (photosynthesis) Leaves are oriented on stem for maximum sunlight

2.5 Describe photosynthesis, respiration and transpiration Photosynthesis: How plants manufacture food 6CO2 + light energy + _______ _____________ + 6O2 + 6H2O Ornamental Horticulture, Ingels pages 16-17

2.5 Describe photosynthesis, respiration and transpiration Respiration: How plants convert stored food (sugar) to useable energy Respiration is the ________________ of photosynthesis 6CO2 + consumable energy + 12H20 C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O Ornamental Horticulture, Ingels page 17

2.5 Describe photosynthesis, respiration and transpiration Transpiration: Loss of water through openings called ______________ (stoma); occurs mainly in leaves Stomata are opened and closed by specialized cells called “___________________”. _____% of water absorbed by plants can be lost through transpiration. When the balance of water absorbed and transpired is not maintained ______________________ can occur. Ornamental Horticulture, Ingels pages 17-18

There are 3 major types of leaf arrangement on stems: 2.6 Leaf Arrangements Leaf arrangement is consistent on most plants and can be used to identify species. There are 3 major types of leaf arrangement on stems: Alternate: _______ leaf attached at a node - A Opposite: _______ leaves attached at a node - B Whorled: ________________ leaves attached at a node - C Ornamental Horticulture, Ingels page 39

2.7 Define Terminal Bud, Lateral Bud, Node and Internode ___________: where leaves attach to stem _____________: the space between nodes Lateral Bud: a bud at the leaf __________ (where leaves attach to nodes); also called an axillary bud Terminal Bud: a bud at the _______ of a stem Ornamental Horticulture, Ingels pages 14, 38

2.8 Effect of Terminal Bud on Lateral Buds The presence of terminal buds ___________ growth of lateral buds. Removing the terminal bud ______________ growth of lateral buds.. Remove stem tips (terminal buds) to increase _________________ of a plant. Remove entire branches to ___________ a plant. Ornamental Horticulture, Ingels pages 14, 38

Useful for plant identification and communication 2.9 Use references to apply terms to leaf type, shape, margins, surfaces and appendages Common Leaf Types: (a) Simple - _________ blade per petiole (b) ‘Trifoliate’ Compound {c} Palmately Compound (d) Odd-Pinnately Compound (e) Even-pinnately Compound (f) Double-pinnately compound (decompound) Useful for plant identification and communication

Useful for plant identification and communication 2.9 Use references to apply terms to leaf type, shape, margins, surfaces and appendages Useful for plant identification and communication

Useful for plant identification and communication 2.9 Use references to apply terms to leaf type, shape, margins, surfaces and appendages Useful for plant identification and communication

Useful for plant identification and communication 2.9 Use references to apply terms to leaf type, shape, margins, surfaces and appendages Useful for plant identification and communication

Chapter 2 Plant Biology Florida Certified Horticulture Professional Manual Continued Next Week