hydrological evaporate clouds precipitation runoff infiltrate saturation aeration water table saturation transpiration

runoff runoff water table Impermeable Bedrock zone of saturation transpiration condensation precipitation runoff zone of aeration evaporation runoff evaporation water table infiltration zone of saturation Impermeable Bedrock

Evaporation Steep slope; Soil is saturated Transpiration An increased amount of precipitation in a short time

In January, the cold temperature greatly slows down the rate of evaporation and transpiration since both require energy.

Total volume of empty space * Spaces between particles = pores Greatest porosity  Porosity = Total volume of empty space ÷ total volume of soil * Spaces between particles = pores

The ability of a porous material to allow fluids to pass through it Greatest permeability  PERMEABILITY The ability of a porous material to allow fluids to pass through it * How connected the pore spaces are

Which is more porous, a container of: Porosity Which is more porous, a container of: round particles or angular particles tightly packed particles or loosely packed particles c. well-sorted particles or unsorted particles d. large beads or small beads

A, because the particles are largest PERMEABILITY Which column would allow water to flow through fastest? Why? A, because the particles are largest

If you join sediment from A and D, PERMEABILITY If you join sediment from A and D, what would happen to the permeability? Why? Decreases because the small particles fill in the spaces

Which is more permeable? PERMEABILITY Which is more permeable? a. small particles or large particles b. frozen ground or unfrozen ground

RUNOFF AND STREAM DISCHARGE FACTORS AFFECTING RUNOFF AND STREAM DISCHARGE Which will result in greater runoff and stream discharge? an area that is vegetated or an area that is barren an area that has a steep slope or an area that is flat ground that is frozen or ground that is unfrozen d. ground that is saturated or ground that unsaturated

Capillarity The ability of liquid to flow against gravity because of adhesion (“stickiness”)

Capillarity Circle which will have a greater capillarity, a container with: Small particles OR Large particles b) Small pore spaces OR Large pore spaces

***Particle size alone does not determine porosity***

PERMEABILITY Particle Size

Capillarity Particle Size

- Once it has infiltrated the soil, water is pulled downward by gravity until it reaches an impermeable layer of solid bedrock that it cannot pass through and stops sinking. - Zone of ______________________ = all pore spaces in the sediment are completely filled with water * Think of “SATURATION” as “FULL” – like in weather!! * - Water Table = uppermost surface of the saturated zone - Zone of ______________________ = more of the pore spaces in sediment are filled with air than water saturation aeration

As water passes through the ground, soil and rock act as a natural filter. This makes groundwater a good source of drinking water. The zones of saturation where people put in wells to extract water for drinking are called _________________. Once wells start pumping water out of the ground, the water table is affected and slightly depresses. If the rates of infiltration and pumping are not equal, groundwater wells can dry up. aquifers

Water would pass through the zone of aeration and continue to raise the level of the zone of saturation. The bedrock is impermeable.

The sandstone is porous. The pollution will infiltrate the rocks and contaminate the water supply.

Why do we only use the Magothy aquifer for drinking water on Long Island?

Thinking about your water usage: When you wash your hands/face or leave the tap running while brushing your teeth, you use about 5 gallons of water per minute. When you take a shower, you use about 5 gallons per minute. Flushing the toilet uses about 6 gallons of water. Doing a load of laundry use about 20 gallons of water. Doing a load of dishes in the dishwasher uses about 15 gallons of water. Think about these every day activities along with many more (ex. cooking, drinking, cleaning) - do you think you use a lot of water each week? Explain what you could do to conserve even a few gallons of water per week.