SSWH11 Students will investigate political and social changes in Japan and in China from the seventeenth century CE to mid-nineteenth century CE. a. Describe the policies of the Tokugawa and Qing rulers; include how Oda Nobunaga laid the ground work for the subsequent Tokugawa rulers and how Kangxi came to rule for such a long period in China.

Tokugawa (Japan) toh-koo-gah-wah From the mid 1400s to the late 1500s Japan was divided into feudal like states ruled by powerful samurai These feudal states battled each other for control of land and power

Tokugawa Oda Nobunaga, of the Tokugawa family, wanted to reunite Japan, and by 1568 was powerful enough to gain control of the imperial capital of Kyoto Though able to control a portion of Japan and form a central government, Nobunaga, was killed before he could reunite the entire country

Tokugawa The Tokugawa eventually reunited all of Japan and ruled a very structured society until the 1860s -population increased -urbanization occurred -cultural growth -between the mid 1600s and the mid 1800s Japan remain mostly isolated from European influence

The daimyo of Japan A group of warrior-chieftains who had taken control of old feudal estates. They offered peasants protection in return for loyalty. The emperor of Japan, at Kyoto, became a figurehead, having a title but no power.

Oda Nobunaga (oh-dah noh-boo-nah-gah) Defeated rivals and seized Kyoto in 1568. His soldiers used firearms for the first time in battle to defeat his rivals. He was not able to unify Japan and he committed seppuku, ritual suicide, after one of his generals turned on him.

Tokugawa Ieyasu (ee-yeh-yah-soo) Defeated all rivals and became a sole ruler, or shogun. This completed the unification of Japan. Moved the capital to Edo, which would become Tokyo. Restored central government and “rule of law” overcame “rule of the sword”.

The Tokugawa Shogunate Held power until 1867. This included Ieyasu and his hereditary successors.

“Take care of the people. Strive to be virtuous “Take care of the people. Strive to be virtuous. Never neglect to protect the country” -Tokugawa Ieyasu

Qing (China) In the mid 1600s the Manchu, invaded China and seized power, taking the Chinese name Qing for their dynasty The Qing were very successful rulers, expanding the borders of China The Qing restored Chinese prosperity and protected it’s borders from other invaders

The Manchus of China Seized Beijing and overthrew the Ming Dynasty. They took a Chinese name for their dynasty, the Qing Dynasty. They would rule China for more than 260 years.

China under the Qing The Qing upheld China’s traditional Confucian beliefs and social structures. They made the borders safe and restored Chinese prosperity.

Kangxi (kahng-shee) Became emperor in 1661 and ruled for 60 years. He reduced government expenses and lowered taxes. Gained the support of intellectuals by offering them positions within the government. He studied the scientific, medical, and mathematical achievements of Europe.

Kangxi (kahng shee) Though the Qing were outsiders, Kangxi became popular because he lowered taxes, supported the arts, and led armies to protect the Chinese people

b. Analyze the impact of population growth and its impact on the social structure of Japan and China.

JAPAN Under the Tokugawa Japan began to switch from a rural to an urban population By the mid 1700s, Tokyo had become one of the largest cities in the world A Feudal system existed with the samurai on the top and merchants on the bottom CHINA Chinese society was paternalistic, with a strong emphasis on the man’s role in the family Much of the Chinese social structure was based on Confucianism

Population explosion During the Qing dynasty, irrigation and fertilizer use increased. Farmers grew rice and new crops, such as corn and sweet potatoes. Food production increased, nutrition improved, and families expanded.

Role of men and women Chinese families favored sons over daughters. Only sons were allowed to perform religious rituals. A son would raise his family under his parents’ roof. Females were not valued and often killed.

Women’s responsibilities Worked in the fields Supervised the children’s education Managed the family finances Forced to remain secluded in the home Some women found jobs outside the home as midwives or textile workers.