Blood & blood composition Kaiu Prikk 2016

Blood (sanguis, hema) Connective tissue The average adult (70 kg) has about 5-5.5 liters of blood which makes up 7-8% of their body weight. Blood composition: cells 45% & blood plasma 55% Blood plasma: water (90%), dissolved proteins (albumines, globulines, fibrinogens), salts, glycose Blood serum: is plasma minus clotting factor (fibrinogen)

Blood cells or formed elements Erythrocytes Leukocytes Granular leukocytes : neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils Nongranular leucocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes 3. Platelets or thrombocytes

Functions: Transport system- oxygen and carbon dioxide transport Maintain the homeostasis Defence function blood clotting, immunological role: phagocytosis, inflammatory response, antibody production

RBC- red blood cells: no nucleus Lifespan 100-120 days Function: O2 , CO2 transport contain: hemoglobin (hemoglobin units with O2 to form oxyhemoglobin) cells values at various ages RBC count: adult M 4,5-6,0 x 1012/L; F4,0-5,5 1012/L Hemoglobin : M (130-160 g/l) ; F ( 120-160 g/l)

White blood cells-WBC WBC: neutrophils, eosinophlils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes Lk count 4-10 x 109 /L Immunological role Lifespan: different (few hours- few months) Lymphocytes up to 3 months Leukocytosis: increased number of leukocytes Leukopenia: decreased number of leukocytes

Granular leukocytes 1. Neutrophils or PMN cells phagocytes, migration to inflamed area 2. Basophils mediated inflammatory reactions (secretion of histamin) 3. Eosinophils Defence against parasites, modulation of allergic reactions

Nongranular leukocytes (do not have granules in their cytoplasm) Monocytes immune defence (phagocytosis) 2. Lymphocytes (T & B lymphocytes) cellular immune response & antibody production

Leukocyte formula Granular cells Neutrophils 50-70% Eosinophils 1-4% Basophils 0-1% B. Nongranular leukocytes Lymphocytes 20-40% (T- and B-lymphocytes) Monocytes 2-10%

Thrombocytes Cell number: 150-400 x109/L The smallest cells in blood Lifespan: 8-10 days Function: blood clotting, haemostasis

The hematocrit (Hct) measures how much space in the blood is occupied by red blood cells. Normal Adult Female range: 36 - 47 % Normal Adult Male range: 40 - 52 %

Anemia: RBC and Hgb Polycytemia: RBC and Hgb Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR): is a measure of the setting of red blood cells in a tube of blood during one hour. the rate is an indication of inflammation & increases in many diseases. The ESR should not be used to screen healthy persons for disease Normal value: ESR (male): 0 - 15 mm/hr ESR (female): 0 - 20 mm/hr

Haematopoiesis: is the process by which immature precursor cells develop into mature blood cell

Haemostasis is the body's normal physiological response for the prevention and stopping of bleeding/haemorrhage. Haemostasis consists of a 3-step procedure. 1) Primary haemostasis: Vasoconstriction (immediate) Platelet adhesion (within seconds) Platelet aggregation and contraction (within minutes) 2) Secondary haemostasis: Activation of coagulation factors (within seconds) Formation of fibrin (within minutes) 3) Fibrinolysis: Activation of fibrinolysis (within minutes) Lysis of the plug (within hours)

Clotting disorders thrombosis, thrombembolia: 2. hemophilia 3. thrombocytopenia

Thrombus – a clot stays in the place where it formed Thrombemboly: a part of the clot dislodges and circulats through the blood steam Thromb: 1) forms locally inbroken blood vessels of the heart, brain, lungs 2) forms only from blood components

Coagulation disorders Thrombocytopenia Coagulation factors deficency Hemophilia A (VIII factor) Hemophilia B (IX factor) Vitamin K deficency

Blood types Your blood type is established before you are BORN, by specific GENES inherited from your parents. You inherit one gene from your MOTHER and one from your FATHER. These genes determine your blood type by causing proteins called AGGLUTINOGENS to exist on the surface of all of your red blood cells. ABO system Type A- A antigens on the surface of RBC and B antibodies in blood plasma. Type B, B antigens on the surface of RBC and A antibodies in blood plasma Type AB; both A and B antigens on the surface of RBC and no A or B antibodies at all in blood plasma. Type 0; neither A or B antigens on the surface of RBC but both A and B antibodies in blood plasma.

Agglutination: Aglutinogen reacts with same aglutinin (antigen-antibody reaction) hemolysis Reasons: Blood transfusion ( wrong blood group) Organ trasplantation - Newborn Rhesus-conflict

Type 0 blood: ca 40 percent of the population has type 0 blood. People who have type 0 blood/Rh- negative are called universal donors. Type 0 blood is used for emergencies (time to test a person's blood type). People who have type AB blood are called universal recipients. (they can get any type of blood). Rh-system Rh-positive: (Rh+) RBCs contain Rh factor antigen Rh-negative (Rh-) RBCs do not contain the Rh factor http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AmjaUw748e4

Test Uses Complete blood count (CBC), includes: 1) white blood cell count (WBC) 2) red blood cell count (RBC) 3) platelet count 4) hematocrit red blood cell volume (HCT) 5) hemoglobin concentration (Hgb) - the 6) oxygen-carrying pigment in red blood cells 7) differential blood count to aid in diagnosing anemia and other blood disorders & certain cancers of the blood; to monitor blood loss and infection; to monitor a patient's response to cancer therapy, such as chemotherapy and radiation. Platelet count To diagnose and/or monitor bleeding and clotting disorders. Prothrombin time (PT) To evaluate bleeding and clotting disorders and to monitor anticoagulation (anti-clotting) therapies.

Human Blood Types https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a_X9oTr3PlI 2) Blood | Learn About Blood Composition And Its Functions https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=noMsCGRkwSE