Bell-ringer 8/11/2016 List all the type of landforms that are present in the picture. Write how you know that those features are present?

From Globes to Maps 4 From Globes to Maps: To create maps, cartographers project the round earth onto a flat surface–making a map projection. There are more than a hundred kinds of map projections, some with general names and some named for the cartographers who developed them. The basic categories of map projections are shown here: planar, cylindrical, Conic, and Mercator. From Globes to Maps 4

Cylindrical Projection A cylindrical projection is based on the projection of the globe onto a cylinder. This projection is most accurate near the Equator, but shapes and distances are distorted near the Poles. From Globes to Maps 6

Conic Projection A conic projection comes from placing a cone over part of a globe. Conic projections are best suited for showing limited east–west areas that are not too far from the Equator. For these uses, a conic projection can indicate distances and directions fairly accurately. From Globes to Maps 7

Common Map Projections 3 Robinson Projection The Robinson projection has minor distortions. The sizes and shapes near the eastern and western edges of the map are accurate, and the outlines of the continents appear much as they do on the globe. However, the shapes of the polar areas appear somewhat distorted. Common Map Projections 3

Common Map Projections 5 Mercator Projection The Mercator projection, once the most commonly used projection, increasingly distorts size and distance as it moves away from the Equator. This makes areas such as Greenland and Antarctica look much larger than they would appear on a globe. However, Mercator projections do accurately show true directions and the shapes of landmasses, making these maps useful for sea travel. Common Map Projections 5

Climographs

Climograph A graph that indicates average temperature and precipitation for an area. These graphs can answer the following types of questions: How much rain is there in a particular location? When is it dry? Is it wet when it’s cool? What vegetation can grow there?

How to Read a Climograph Look at the title to see what location’s climate is being described by the graph. The numbers on the left show you the amount of precipitation. Make sure you check to see if the precipitation is measured in millimeters or inches. The numbers on the right show you the temperature. Make sure you check to see if the temperature is measured in degrees Fahrenheit of Celsius. The letters at the bottom show you the months of the year.

In case you’re not great at interpreting Celsius temperatures… 30° is hot 20° is nice 10° is cold 0° is ice **Remember: This is for Celsius, not Fahrenheit!

How to Read a Climograph The bar graph measures the average precipitation for each month. The numbers that measure it are on the left side of the graph. The line graph shows you the average temperature for each month. The numbers that measure it are on the right side of the graph.

Tropical Wet and Dry Location One factor that effects the temperature of a place is the amount of sunlight it receives. Notice how the temperature line on the climograph is almost level? This location is near the equator. It receives the same amount of sunlight all year which results in an almost straight temperature line. Tropical Wet and Dry Location

Humid Subtropical Location The second location is further from the equator. The curved temperature line shows that the amount of sunlight this location receives varies with the seasons. Humid Subtropical Location

Study the two climographs below. Can you pick out the one that depicts a tropical climate? How do you know? Bonus Question: Is it a tropical wet or a tropical wet and dry climate? How do you know? Climate A Climate B