Stress and Coping prof.Elham Aljammas 14th 0f April 2014 Module 2

Stress A state of physical and/or psychological arousal Often brought about by a perceived threat or challenge May be expressed differently by different cultures Module 2 Stress and Coping

Module 2 Stress and Coping

Module 2 Stress and Coping

Stress Reaction Phases Acute phase Reaction phase Repair phase Reorientation phase Module 2 Stress and Coping

Acute Phase Lasts minutes, hours or days “Fight or flight” response: preparation for physical activity Narrowing of focus: decreases ability to think properly Emotional reactions: disbelief/consternation/fear/grief Rigid behavior: irritability, anger, etc. affects communication Panic is rare but if present, requires immediate attention Module 2 Stress and Coping

Reaction Phase Lasts one to six weeks Delayed reactions: previously repressed or denied feelings will surface May be overwhelming, bringing feelings of powerlessness Module 2 Stress and Coping

Reaction Phase: Characteristic reactions: Fear of returning to the site of the event Dreams or nightmares Anxiety, restlessness, insomnia Muscular tension, tremors and exaggerated startle response Increased irritability and isolation, depression Disturbing thoughts about survival, relief, guilt and grief Perceived images of how others suffered in the disaster, i.e. how they died, how they injured Module 2 Stress and Coping

Repair Phase Lasts one to six months Reactions are less intense, and not so overwhelming Feelings of hurt continue, but are more manageable Renewed interest in everyday life Makes plans for the future Module 2 Stress and Coping

Reorientation Phase Approximately six months after a distressing event and continuing Heightened stress reactions are substantially reduced Grief reaction may not be resolved but is accepted Most reactions will diminish gradually Assessing ongoing needs is important Module 2 Stress and Coping

Coping with Stress Coping is a way to prevent, delay, avoid, or manage stress Coping mechanism categories: Changing the source of stress Changing the view of the situation Tolerating the stressor until it passes or becomes less troublesome Module 2 Stress and Coping

Loss and Grief Loss is a common theme in most disaster settings Common reactions to loss: Denial, numbness or shock Bargaining Depression Anger Acceptance Reorientation Module 2 Stress and Coping

Loss and Grief – Signs of Trouble Avoiding or minimizing emotions Using alcohol or drugs to self-medicate Using work or other distractions to avoid feelings Hostility and aggression toward others Module 2 Stress and Coping

Emotional Numbness or Extreme Agitation Immediate attention is needed Possible referral for professional care When referring: Inform the person of your intention Recognize that the referral may cause a negative reaction Module 2 Stress and Coping

Guiding Principles in Providing Psychological Support First protect from danger Focus on physical and material care Be direct, active and remain calm Focus on the “here and now” situation Provide accurate information about the situation Assist with mobilization of resources Module 2 Stress and Coping

Guiding Principles in Providing Psychological Support (cont) Do not give false assurances Recognize the importance of taking action Reunite with family members Provide and ensure emotional support Focus on strengths and resilience Encourage self-reliance Respect feelings and cultures of others Module 2 Stress and Coping

Crisis Intervention Observe safe practices by showing concern for your own safety Remain calm and appear relaxed, confident and non-threatening Module 2 Stress and Coping

Crisis Intervention Steps Assess the situation Establish rapport Identify the main problem (s) Deal with feelings and emotions Generate and explore alternative coping strategies Formulate an action plan Follow up Module 2 Stress and Coping