1. Stress and Coping prof.Elham Aljammas May 2015 L12 Module 2 Stress and Coping 1

2. Module 2 Stress and Coping 2 Stress A state of physical and/or psychological arousal Often brought about by a perceived threat or challenge May be expressed differently by different cultures

3. Module 2 Stress and Coping 3

4. Module 2 Stress and Coping 4

5. Module 2 Stress and Coping 5 Stress Reaction Phases 1. Acute phase 2. Reaction phase 3. Repair phase 4. Reorientation phase

6. Module 2 Stress and Coping 6 Acute Phase Lasts minutes, hours or days “Fight or flight” response: preparation for physical activity Narrowing of focus: decreases ability to think properly Emotional reactions: disbelief/consternation/fear/grief Rigid behavior: irritability, anger, etc. affects communication Panic is rare but if present, requires immediate attention

7. Module 2 Stress and Coping 7 Reaction Phase Lasts one to six weeks Delayed reactions: previously repressed or denied feelings will surface May be overwhelming, bringing feelings of powerlessness

8. Module 2 Stress and Coping 8 Reaction Phase: Characteristic reactions: Fear of returning to the site of the event Dreams or nightmares Anxiety, restlessness, insomnia Muscular tension, tremors and exaggerated startle response Increased irritability and isolation, depression Disturbing thoughts about survival, relief, guilt and grief Perceived images of how others suffered in the disaster, i.e. how they died, how they injured

9. Module 2 Stress and Coping 9 Repair Phase Lasts one to six months Reactions are less intense, and not so overwhelming Feelings of hurt continue, but are more manageable Renewed interest in everyday life Makes plans for the future

10. Module 2 Stress and Coping 10 Reorientation Phase Approximately six months after a distressing event and continuing Heightened stress reactions are substantially reduced Grief reaction may not be resolved but is accepted Most reactions will diminish gradually Assessing ongoing needs is important

11. Module 2 Stress and Coping 11 Coping with Stress Coping is a way to prevent, delay, avoid, or manage stress Coping mechanism categories: Changing the source of stress Changing the view of the situation Tolerating the stressor until it passes or becomes less troublesome

12. Module 2 Stress and Coping 12 Loss and Grief Loss is a common theme in most disaster settings Common reactions to loss: Denial, numbness or shock Bargaining Depression Anger Acceptance Reorientation

13. Module 2 Stress and Coping 13 Loss and Grief – Signs of Trouble Avoiding or minimizing emotions Using alcohol or drugs to self-medicate Using work or other distractions to avoid feelings Hostility and aggression toward others

14. Module 2 Stress and Coping 14 Emotional Numbness or Extreme Agitation Immediate attention is needed Possible referral for professional care When referring: Inform the person of your intention Recognize that the referral may cause a negative reaction

15. Module 2 Stress and Coping 15 Guiding Principles in Providing Psychological Support First protect from danger Focus on physical and material care Be direct, active and remain calm Focus on the “here and now” situation Provide accurate information about the situation Assist with mobilization of resources

16. Module 2 Stress and Coping 16 Guiding Principles in Providing Psychological Support (cont) Do not give false assurances Recognize the importance of taking action Reunite with family members Provide and ensure emotional support Focus on strengths and resilience Encourage self-reliance Respect feelings and cultures of others

17. Module 2 Stress and Coping 17 Crisis Intervention Observe safe practices by showing concern for your own safety Remain calm and appear relaxed, confident and non-threatening

18. Module 2 Stress and Coping 18 Crisis Intervention Steps 1. Assess the situation 2. Establish rapport 3. Identify the main problem (s) 4. Deal with feelings and emotions 5. Generate and explore alternative coping strategies 6. Formulate an action plan 7. Follow up