1.1 – The structure and functions of the muscular system Learning objectives To understand the three muscle types and their functions To be able to label the voluntary muscles in our body To explain the term ‘antagonist pair’ and provide examples To understand the characteristics of fast and slow twitch muscle fibres

Connective tissues There are 3 types of connective tissue: Tendons connect muscles to bones. Ligaments are tough, elastic fibres that link bones to bones. Cartilage prevents the ends of bones rubbing together at joints. Photo by: © deshow.net

Joint Movements 1. Flexion and Extension FLEXION – Decreasing the angle at a joint. (Bending the joint) EXTENSION - Increasing the angle at a joint. (Straightening the joint) Photo: © LOCOG Photo: © toga on Flickr. This image is reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons License 3.0. http://www.flickr.com/photos/14622025@N00/511921542

Joint Movements 2. Abduction and Adduction Abduction and Adduction is determined from the ‘MIDLINE’ of the body.

Joint Movements ADDUCTION – Sideways moving limb towards midline of the body. ABDUCTION – Sideways moving limb away from midline of the body REMEMBER: Adduction is to ADD towards the midline. REMEMBER: Abduction is to TAKE AWAY from the midline. Photo: © LOCOG

Joint Movements 3. Rotation/Circumduction The joint moves in a circular motion. e.g. Service action or bowling action. Photo: © LOCOG Photo: © ervine_wa on Flickr. This image is reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons License 2.0. http://www.flickr.com/photos/ervine_wa/377335465/

Joint Movements 4. Planter-Flexion and Dorsi-Flexion Planter-flexion – The action of pointing toes away from the body. Dorsi-flexion – The action of pulling toes towards the body. Photo: © LOCOG Photo: © ervine_wa on Flickr. This image is reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons License 2.0. http://www.flickr.com/photos/ervine_wa/377335465/

Apply it! What has stuck with you? What movements occur during these action? Photo: ©LOCOG

Cyclist Footballer Swimmer - Start Butterfly Stroke FLEXION – at the RIGHT knee joint EXTENSION - at the LEFT knee joint FLEXION – at the RIGHT hip joint as the leg raises FLEXION – Slight Flexion at the elbows FLEXION – Torso (body is bent forwards) EXTENSION – at the knee joints FLEXION – at the HIP JOINT of right leg ADDUCTION – at the hip joint as the left leg is moving towards the central line of the body ADDUCTION – Left arm FLEXION – at left elbow Swimmer - Start Butterfly Stroke ADDUCTION – of the arms EXTENSION – at the knee joints EXTENSION – at the elbows ROTATION – at the shoulder joint EXTENSION – at elbow joints ABDUCTION – of the arms

Label as many joint movements as you can see. i.e. flexion at the knee Photo: © LOCOG Photo: © Ronnie Macdonald on Flickr. This image is reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons License 2.0. http://www.flickr.com/photos/ronmacphotos/5194436457/

Classification and Characteristics of Muscles Muscles are used in everyday life all the time. Sportspeople are reliant on the power of muscles to compete. Photo by: © paddynapper on Flickr. This image is reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons License 2.0. http://www.flickr.com/photos/28990363@N05/2816462088/ Photo by: © deshow.net What do you know about muscles already?

Classification and Characteristics of Muscles Muscles are involved in every movement in your body. Muscle is a special type of tissue made up of fibres that contract (shorten) and relax (lengthen). There are three types of muscle fibre. Photo: © Stock.xchng. http://www.sxc.hu/photo/223838

Classification and Characteristics of Muscles 1. Voluntary Muscles These are attached to bones and they work whenever we want them to. e.g. Biceps & Triceps. These muscles are under our conscious control. Photo by: © LOCOG

Classification and Characteristics of Muscles 2. Involuntary muscle These are found on the walls of the internal organs and they contract in waves. Food travels through the digestive system and blood through the blood vessels in this way. Photo: © Stock.xchng. It works without you consciously controlling it, or even being aware of it.

Classification and Characteristics of Muscles 3. Cardiac muscle This is a special type of muscle that forms the walls of the heart chambers. It is a type of involuntary muscle, as it contracts without conscious thought or effort. Photo: © istock Photo It works non-stop without ever tiring. When it contracts it pumps blood out of the heart and around the body.

Classification and Characteristics of Muscles All three types of muscle are important in physical activity: Voluntary muscles enable movement throughout the body. Involuntary muscles are essential in maintaining healthy body systems. Cardiac muscle is vital in sport because it makes the heart pump. Fitness training will strengthen cardiac muscle making the heart more efficient at pumping blood around the body.

Voluntary Muscles Triceps Pectorals Deltoid Bicep Latissimus Dorsi External Obliques Abdominals Gluteus Maximus Hip Flexors Hamstring Quadriceps Photo: © Stock.xchng. Gastrocnemius Tibialis Anterior

Muscles shorten when they contract and lengthen when they relax. Voluntary Muscles What happens when muscles contract? Muscles shorten when they contract and lengthen when they relax. Photo: © Stock.xchng. Photo (Fencing): © LOCOG

Voluntary Muscles When you contract your QUADRICEP what is the effect on the limb? When you contract your HAMSTRING what is the effect on the limb? When you contract your DELTOID what is the effect on the limb? Photo: © Stock.xchng.

Now complete the grid below. What happens when each muscle contracts? Main Action (s) 1 Deltoid 2 Biceps 3 Abdominals 4 Quadriceps 5 Pectorals 6 Latissimus Dorsi 7 External Obiliques 8 Triceps 9 Gulteus Maximus 10 Hamstring 11 Taibialis Anterior 12 Gastrocnemius 13 Hip Flexors

Muscle Main Action (s) Deltoid Biceps Abdominals Quadriceps Pectorals 1 Deltoid 2 Biceps 3 Abdominals 4 Quadriceps 5 Pectorals 6 Latissimus Dorsi 7 External Obiliques 8 Triceps 9 Gulteus Maximus 10 Hamstring 11 Taibialis Anterior 12 Gastrocnemius 13 Hip Flexors Raises arm sideways at the shoulder (abduction) Bends arm at the elbow (Flexion) Flexes trunk so you can bend forward Straighten leg at the knee (extension) Draws arm across chest Pulls arms backwards towards back Allows twisting and turning of the torso Straightens arm at the elbow joint (extension) Pull leg back at hip. Bends leg at the knee. (flexion) Answers Flexes the ankle joint so you can pull toes towards the body Extends the ankle joint so you can stand on tiptoes Pulls upper leg towards the chest

Antagonistic muscle action The fixed or non-moving end is known as the origin. The insertion is known as the moving end. Photo: © Stock.xchng. Muscles are arranged in antagonistic pairs. As one muscle contracts (shortens) its partner relaxes (lengthens). E.g. Bicep and Tricep.

Antagonistic muscle action Can you think of another antagonists pair in the body? Photo: © adamkr on Flickr. This image is reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons License 2.0. http://www.flickr.com/photos/adamkr/4835654234/

Antagonistic muscle action Gastrocnemius and Tibialis Anterior acting at the ankle joint Hamstring and Quadricep acting at the knee joint. Hip Flexors and Gluteus Maximus acting at the hip joint. Photos: © adamkr on Flickr. This image is reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons License 2.0. http://www.flickr.com/photos/adamkr/4835654234/

Muscle fibre types Muscle twitch fibres occur in different proportions in different people. This proportion is mainly to do with the genes you inherit but can be altered by training. Photo by: © deshow.net Photo by: © LOCOG

Muscle fibre types What do you know about muscle fibres already? Photo by: © LOCOG What do you know about muscle fibres already?

Muscle fibre types There are two main types of muscle fibres: 1. SLOW TWITCH MUSCLE FIBRES – Small in size. These fibres take a relatively long time to contract. Photo by: © Ronnie Macdonald on Flickr. This image is reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons License 2.0. http://www.flickr.com/photos/ronmacphotos/5194436457/ Have a good oxygen supply and is why they are deep red in colour. They contract slowly, but can work for long periods.

Muscle fibre types 2. FAST TWITCH MUSCLE FIBRES - Large in size. These fibres contract quickly and powerfully. Photo by: © bleublogger on Flickr. This image is reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons License 2.0. Fast twitch fibres are paler in colour and have limited oxygen supply. They contract quickly and powerfully, but tire easily.

60% Slow twitch 40% Fast twitch fibres Muscle fibre types An average person possesses: 60% Slow twitch 40% Fast twitch fibres Elite endurance athletes possess a high percentage of slow twitch fibres. Elite explosive athletes possess a high percentage of fast twitch muscle fibres. Photo by: © rich115 on Flickr. This image is reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons License 3.0. http://www.fotopedia.com/items/flickr-2767537621

Apply it! Musculo-skeletal system What has stuck with you? What are the 3 classification of muscle types? Explain what is meant by an antagonistic pair and an example in the body? Highlight and name as many muscle as you can! Explain the difference between fast and slow twitch muscle fibres. Musculo-skeletal system

Apply it! What has stuck with you? Will each of the athletes below require mostly fast twitch or slow twitch muscle fibres and why? Photo by: Photo by: © deshow.net © LOCOG

Practice it! Exam questions 1. Figure 4 shows a high board diver in flight. Complete the following statements about the diver. (i) The high diver has ......................................................... his legs at the knee and folded his body by .................................... at the .................................................. joint to allow him to bend forward. (3) (ii) The diver’s arms are ......................................................... at the elbow. The muscle that contracts to bring about this movement is the.............................................. . (2)

Practice it! Exam question 2. Using examples to illustrate your answer, describe the differences between slow and fast twitch muscle fibres. (4) 3. What percentage of fast twitch and slow twitch muscle fibres would a midfield football player need and why? (3)

Practice it! Marks Scheme: i) Extended/extension, Flexing/flexion, Hip ii) Flexed, Bicep Endurance event – slow twitch fibres (Marathon runner) Better oxygen content/delivery therefore allows athletes to continue to work without tiring. Power event – fast twitch fibres (100m Sprinter) Not as dense oxygen supply but powerful contraction possible. 70%/30% - slow/fast twitch fibres. Position requires endurance to cover all areas of the pitch both attack and defence. Powerful sprints required at times to make runs and track attacking players.