CHAPTER 17 BLOOD

I. An Overview of Blood A. BLOOD: COMPONENTS 1. Liquid: 2. Solids: 3. Hematocrit Plasma Buffy coat Leukocytes & platelets Erythrocytes

B. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS Color pH: Volume: Viscosity Blood Clot

I. Overview: Blood Composition and Functions … C. Functions Transport Protection Regulation

II. Blood Plasma A. Components Water Proteins Nutrients Wastes Electrolytes Gases Hormones

Blood Plasma … B. Plasma Proteins (Figure 18.3) - Produced by: 1. Albumins 2. Globulins Alpha and beta Transport Gamma = produced by 3. Fibrinogen

III. FORMED ELEMENTS A. Hemopoiesis Sites Hemopoietic Stem Cell, hemocytoblast: (p. 748-749)  Myeloid Stem Cell & Lympoid Stem Cell

III. FORMED ELEMENTS … B. Erythrocytes 1. Function of RBC hemoglobin Functions– carries 2. Structure RBC Shape: - Organelles Blood Cell Count = 7.5 m 2.0 m

III. Formed Elements … 3. HEMOGLOBIN 2 1 heme Complexity of Structure Each composed of: Globin Heme - Amount Hemoglobin = Reversibly binds O2 Oxyhemoglobin: Deoxyhemoglobin: Carbaminohemoglobin: % Saturation: 2 1 Heme

A. Erythrocytes … 4. Lifecycle of ERYTHROCYTES a. Production-- ERYTHROPOIESIS Hematopoietic Stem Cell  Myeloid Stem Cell  Proerythroblast   Nucleus Ejection

a. Production-- ERYTHROPOIESIS … Enter circulation Maturation = erythrocytes Regulation Number of RBC low  low O2 Kidney: Erythropoietin:

B. Erythrocytes … c. ERYTHROCYTE DESTRUCTION RBC lifespan: Old RBC’s: Destruction by: Globin  Heme group - Iron  - pigment containing portion Bilirubin

Erythrocyte Disorders STUDENTS DO Erythrocyte Disorders Sickle cell Anemia Pernicious Anemia Polycythemia

C. LEUKOCYTES Structure Blood Volume: Protect body from: Diapedesis Movement Positive Chemotaxis WBC count: capillary connective tissue leukocyte

Types 1. GRANULOCYTES a. Neutrophils % Structure– granules: Function:

a. Eosinophils Description: Functions: Fight Inactivation of some 1. GRANULOCYTES … a. Eosinophils Description: Functions: Fight Inactivation of some

1. GRANULOCYTES … b. Basophils % Functions:

a. Lymphocytes 2. AGRANULOCYTES T and B cells Maturation Site Functions: Mechanisms Memory Cells

2. AGRANULOCYTES b. Monocytes Structure Function: Chronic infections

LEUKOCYTE DISORDERS STUDENTS DO Leukemia Lymphoma

C. Platelets–THROMBOCYTES Description: No nucleus Function: Life span Blood Count

IV. HEMOSTASIS = Stopping blood flow Stages of Hemostasis Vascular spasms Smooth muscle damage; chemical release Platelet plug formation Damaged vessel lining Von Wildebrand Factor: large plasma protein, forms cross bridges between platelets  collagen Platelets release chemicals ↑ aggregation: Need for further actions:

Further Action needed: Begins Clotting factors required Steps IV. HEMOSTASIS … Stages of Hemostasis … Coagulation Further Action needed: Begins Clotting factors required Includes: Steps enzyme thrombin-  fibrinogen forms  platelets stick to mesh and Length to Clotting: Fibrinolysis Anticoagulants

CLOTTING AND BLEEDING DISORDERS Students do Hemophilia Thrombus Embolus

Antigen & antibody match Type A antibody in Type B blood of recipient V. BLOOD TYPES Protein antigens on surface of RBC plasma membrane and exposed to outer surface cause: = many Types of antigens: many, ABO and Rh factor most important A. ABO Blood Type: Antigen types: B , A . or O = . Antigen & antibody match Type A blood of donor Type A antibody in Type B blood of recipient Agglutination

Antigen & antibody match Type A antibody in Type B blood of recipient V. BLOOD TYPES … Antibodies: Wrong blood type transfused: ABO System: # Genes for Blood type: Possibile Gene Combinations - Type A Blood: Type B Blood: Type AB Blood: Type O Blood: Antigen & antibody match Type A blood of donor Type A antibody in Type B blood of recipient Agglutination

A. ABO BLOOD GROUPS– Antibodies present Antigen A Antigen B Antigen AB Neither Antigen A nor B Antibody Antibody Antibody Antibody TYPE A TYPE B TYPE AB TYPE O

A. ABO BLOOD GROUPS … Universal Donor Universal Recipient

Review Problems A child is born with AB blood type What is known about the parent’s blood type? - Can a mother with type A blood and a father with type B blood have a child with type O blood?

B. Rh Factor Naming: Number of Different Types Most Common: Rh+ Rh- Antibodies Speed: Treatment: Rhogam serum

B. Rh Factor … PROBLEM: - ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS 2nd Rh+ fetus / Rh- mother Results: FIRST PREGNANCY SECOND PREGNANCY maternal circulation (Rh-) fetal circulation (Rh+) (RH-) antibodies develop in the mother after delivery Agglutination of fetal (RH+) fetus

C. Blood Typing – How: Figure 10.8

END PPT Extra Slides Review Questions

Intrinsic Extrinsic - Vessel Collagen exposed - intrinsic factor released from cell trauma outside vessel - Platelet Plug PF3 X + Ca+2 + PF3 Prothrombin Activator Prothrombin  Thrombin Figbinogen  Fibrin Ca+2 + XIII  cross-linked Fibrin