1. The Blood
“Transport System”

2. FUNCTIONS Transports nutrients and wastes Distributes body heat
Delivers hormones
Helps fight disease

3. Composition of the Blood
Blood is a connective tissue!
Blood makes up ~8% of total body weight
~55% plasma
~45% formed elements
4 to 5 liters for average females
5 to 6 liters for average male
*the higher percent body fat the less blood you have per kilogram of weight

4. Plasma
90% water
10% solutes (salts and minerals)

5. Formed Elements Red Blood Cells (RBCs) (erythrocytes)
White Blood cells (WBCs) (leukocytes)
Platelets (thrombocytes)
RBCs make up about 45% of blood volume
WBCs and platelets make up about 1%

6. Blood Composition

7. Red Blood Cells(erythrocytes)
Mature cells loose/lack a nucleus and most organelles
Hemoglobin, red pigment, makes up 1/3 of cell volume
RBCs are highly flexible because of spectrin protein
Flexibility can determine the speed of blood flow
Men have more RBCs because of the influence of testosterone

8. Hematocrit tubes
Hematocrit tubes show normal, anemic and polycythemia

9. Function of RBCs structure = function slight dimple in
Hemoglobin and carbonic anhydrase both work to transport O2 and CO2
structure = function
slight dimple in
center surface area

10. Hemoglobin Made up of 4 protein chains called globins
Each chain is bound to a heme group which contains one Fe
The iron can bind to one O2
Each globin can bind to one CO2

11. Formation of RBCs
Erythropoiesis begins with hematopoietic stem cells in red bone marrow
New red blood cells take 4 days to mature
Sickle cell anemia- inherited defect, causes a defective hemaglobin. Cells become sickle shaped and can clog blood vessels.
(coevolution at work!)

12. Formation of RBCs
Decreased levels of oxygen stimulate the production of RBCs by secreting erythropoietin (EPO) from the kidneys

13. Destruction of RBCs
~200 million RBCs are formed each day to replace the equal amount destroyed
Lifespan of RBCs is days
Lining of blood vessels in liver and spleen destroy damaged or fragmented RBCs
Components of the cells are broken and reused to make more RBCs
Bone marrow must have a constant supply of iron, B12, and amino acids to make new RBCs
B12 is called the antianemic principle

14. White Blood Cells Special cells that help fight infection
Many different types
Phagocytize foreign matter
Produce antibodies
HIV attacks these cells

15. White Blood Cells(leukocytes)
Granulocytes
Neutrophils – multi-lobed
make up about 65% of WBC count
Move from blood vessels into tissues through diapedesis
Eosinophils – orange-ish
Fight infection caused by parasitic worms and allergic reactions
Basophils – dark purple
Granules contain histamine and heparin (anticoagulant)
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

16. Who has pimples?
BEN does. Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils

17. White Blood Cells(leukocytes)
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes – “eyes”
Ingest infected or cancerous cells (phagocytosis)
Create antibodies
Monocytes –
kidney-shaped lobe
Largest of the leukocytes
Ingest infected cells
lymphocytes
monocytes

18. White blood cells numbers
Differential white blood cell count can indicate different types of infections.
Certain drugs (such as cancer treatments)can cause leukopenia (low WBC count)

19. Platelets
Are small cells with special characterisitcs: agglutination, adhesiveness, and aggregration.
Once they leave the blood vessels they become misshapen and clump together

20. Platelet Action
Platelets have two roles, hemostasis (blood flow stoppage) and coagulation (blood clotting).
Hemostatic action will occur when a platelet encounters a tear in a capillary. It will form a platelet plug to stop blood from flowing into the tissue.
Coagulation occurs when sticky platelets release chemicals to cause the blood to clot.
Platelets have a life span of ~7 days
resting platelets
activated platelets

21. Blood Clotting
Clotting Factors in the blood, in blood cells, and in tissues combine in a metabolic cascade when damage to cells or tissues occurs.
Factors in the blood are called intrinsic
Factors in tissues are called extrinsic
Prothrombin→Thrombin→Fibrinogen→Fibrin→Clot

22. Blood Clotting
As platelets bind to injury site they release chemicals that trigger the clotting process.
Fibrin forms at site of injury and entangle RBCs.
Calcium in the blood and vitamin K are an important cofactors in coagulation.
Arteriosclerosis can increase clotting because platelets stick to rough patches.
Applying a rough surface such as gauze, heat or pressure as well as direct application of clotting agents can speed up clotting.

23. Clot Dissolving After a while, the clot must dissolve. Fibrinolysis
Heparin is major anticoagulant produced in by the liver

24. Blood Disorders Anemia-inability of blood to transport O2
Aplastic anemia-caused by destruction of bone marrow, drugs, radiation or idiopathic.
Pernicious anemia- results from lack of vitamin B12
Folate-deficiency anemia- results from lack of folic acid, common in alcoholics
Acute blood loss anemia- occurs after serious injury.

25. Blood Disorders Clotting disorders
Thrombus- is a localized blood clot, thrombosis.
Embolus- when a clot circulates in blood stream, embolism.
Hemophilia is an inherited (sex linked) disorder where the blood has difficulty clotting. No Factor VIII (8)

26. Blood Types
Blood type is determined by the type of antigens found on the outside of RBC’s.
Blood plasma will then contain antigens only for the type not found on the person’s RBC’s.

27. Agglutination
Agglutination will only occur when antibodies encounter foreign antigens.

29. Blood Donations
Homologous transfusion- when a persons receives a matching blood type from another person
Autologous transfusion- when a person donates blood to themselves.

30. Rh factor Rh+ positive persons carry the Rh antigen
Rh- negative person has no antibodies against the antigen until they are exposed to it through either blood transfusions or pregnancy.

31. a. Rh+: has antigen
b. Rh-: no antigen, recessive