Responding to Classical Liberalism Chapter # 4 Is child labour like this present today? where?

Child Labour 218 million child labourers 70% in agriculture, 22% in service industries and 8% in industry. Asia-Pacific claims the greatest share of underage workers (122million)

Key Concepts Analyzing the evolution of classical Liberalism Analyzing ideologies that developed in response to classical Liberalism

Key terms Classical conservatism Command economy Communism Feminism Human rights Labour standards Marxism Mixed economy Progressivism Socialism Universal suffrage Welfare capitalism

Industrial Revolution During the IR a number of groups claimed collective rights Workers rights The right to a minimum wage

Opposition to Liberalism Four ideologies that arose in opposition to classical liberalism– utopian socialism, Marxism ( scientific socialism or communism), moderate socialism, and classical conservatism. Classical liberalism was challenged by grassroots movements of Luddites and Chartists a society established on the beliefs and values of utopian socialists such as Robert Owen A revolutionary society lead by Karl Marx A society founded on ideals of classical conservatism as envisioned by Edmond Burke

Overview Classical Liberalism theory practice Opposition to liberalism Luddites Chartists Socialists Classical Conservatism Reaction by Liberals Welfare capitalism Welfare state Keynesian economics

Ideologies that developed in reaction to liberalism Response Ideas /Actions Supporting Classical Liberalism Ideas/Actions Critiquing Classical Liberalism Luddites Chartists Utopian. Socialism Socialism / Marxism Classical Conservatism Review major elements of the chart when students are finished

Ideas /Actions Supporting Classical Liberalism Response Ideas /Actions Supporting Classical Liberalism Ideas/Actions Critiquing Classical Liberalism Luddites Protested economic actions by factory owners to replace workers with machines (profit motive). Broke into factories and destroyed machines that threatened their quality Chartists Supported principles of individual rights and freedoms and extended economic freedoms to benefit larger society. Advocated for greater political and social reform to include working classes and not only the wealthy. Viewed by government (ruling elite) as rebels because of their attacks on established order. Greater equality eventually granted by 1880’s Utopian. Socialism Argued gains inequality and subsequent social injustices in classical liberalism. Aimed to reform rather than eliminate economic, political and social systems. Worked to decrease abuses of capitalism. Socialism/ Marxism Radical form of socialism that believed in the eradication of classical liberal ideas such as capitalism. Views capitalism as incapable of reform. A confrontation between the proletariat (workers) and the bourgeoisie (owners) was inevitable and would lead to the restructuring of society in the interests of the collective (group) over the individual. Equality for all could only be attained through a revolution, likely a violent one. Classical. Conservatism Advocated for governments to be responsive to individual rights and freedoms but only so far as to avoid tyrannical political systems. Individualism subjected to rule of society incorporating past present, and future considerations. Hierarchy within society needed, as only certain individuals are fit to lead; government chosen by limited electorate who hold specific rights, responsibilities, and privileges; humanitarianism required by leadership; societal stability achievement through established laws and customs that bind society together. Review major elements of the chart when students are finished

Luddites The Luddites were a social movement of British textile artisans in the early nineteenth century who protested—often by destroying mechanized looms—against the changes produced by the Industrial Revolution, which they felt were leaving them without work and changing their entire way of life.

Chartist Chartism was a movement for political and social reform in the United Kingdom during the mid-19th century between 1838 and 1850. It takes its name from the People's Charter of 1838, which stipulated the six main aims of the movement as:[1] A VOTE for every man twenty-one years of age THE BALLOT. - To protect the elector in the exercise of his vote. EQUAL CONSTITUENCIES, securing the same amount of representation for the same number of electors, instead of allowing small constituencies to swamp the votes of large ones.

Socialism Associated with the writings of Karl Marx. Based on the concepts of class struggle. Where Marxism focused on violent revolution to create a classless society, Socialism focused on peaceful social change in the interest of the working class. Belief that resources should be controlled by the public for the benefit of everyone in society.

Examples Utopian Socialism Marxism

Socialism refers to any one of various theories of economic organization advocating state, public or common worker ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods Modern socialism originated in the late 18th-century intellectual and working class political movement that criticized the effects of industrialization and private ownership on society, however, socialism itself is not a political system; it is instead an economic system distinct from capitalism.

Proponent of Socialism Robert Owen believed that the harshness of life under capitalism corrupted human nature. Believed that education was the key to a humane society. Belief that everyone should be beneficially employed. Believed that living and working conditions needed to improve for all.

Utopian Socialist :is a term used to define the first currents of modern socialist thought. the term is most often applied to those utopian socialists who lived in the first quarter of the 19th century. From the mid-19th century onwards, the other branches of socialism, most notably Marxism, overtook the utopian version in terms of intellectual development and number of adherents. Utopian socialists were important in the formation of modern movements for cooperatives.

Robert Owen no one was responsible for his will and his own actions, because his whole character is formed independently of himself; people are products of their environment, hence his support for education and labour reform, rendering him a pioneer in human capital investment.

New Lanark a clean, healthy industrial environment with a content, vibrant workforce and a prosperous, viable business venture all rolled into one. Owens's philosophy was contrary to contemporary thinking, but he was able to demonstrate that it was not necessary for an industrial enterprise to treat its workers badly to be profitable. Owen was able to show visitors the village’s excellent housing and amenities, and the accounts showing the profitability of the mills.

http://learnalberta.ca/content/sspes/index.html

MARXISM

Communism Radical form of socialism According to Karl Marx, the only way to overthrow capitalism was through a class struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie—which would then bring about significant change to society. Belief that society should be classless. The state should direct the economy to achieve economic equality for all citizens.

Proponents of Communism Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles elaborated on the ideas of Marxism in the Communist Manifesto. Ideas such as abolition of private property, centralization of factories and free education for all were promoted. Vladimir Lenin expanded on Marx’s ideas for the purpose of carrying out the Russian Revolution and establishing a dictatorship of the proletariat in the USSR.

Dictatorship of the Proletariat Centrally planned economy Distribution of income according to work performed Increasing economic equality A gradual disappearance of the classes An increasing desire to work for the good of society rather than for personal profit

Withering Away of the State Poverty and crime would disappear Human history would replace class history: A classless society “from each according to his ability, to each according to his need”. At first individuals might tend to be greedy, but as they discover that there would always be sufficient goods to meet their basic needs, such feelings would disappear.

Marxism What societal conflicts caused by classical liberalism could be resolved by the adoption of Marxism? Pause and Reflect p.137 How are these Marxist ideas a response to classical liberal ideas in society?

Marx’s: Theory of the Decline of Capitalism Figure 8:1 Ideologies pg. 319 into your notes Table 8:1 Ideologies pg. 323 into your notes

Classical Conservatism Classical conservatism as a reaction (reactionary) to classical liberalism Wanted to revert back to the way things were before Edmund Burke and classical conservatives beliefs: Society should be hierarchical (people are not equal—some people suited for leadership) Limited electorate to choose government Care for the welfare of others Stability of society is paramount—achieved through law and order and the maintenance of the customs and traditions that bind society together.

New Ideologies challenged the following classical liberal beliefs and values READ Supremacy of the individual; as challenged by socialism Economic freedoms found in capitalism; as challenged by Luddites and socialism. Humans can by themselves make rational decisions that benefit themselves and society; as challenged by socialism.

The Liberal Response NOTES

Welfare Capitalism NOTES

Reforms of the Progressive Party 1912 How progressive was the platform of the Progressive Party of 1912? RM 4.2 Read each plank in the party platform Notes in point form. P.143-144

The National Progressive Party Points you should have picked up Legislation protecting workers Establishing safety and health standards Prohibition of child labour Setting minimum wage standard for working women Promoting government intervention in the economy to promote public health

What Role should the Government play in a Capitalist Economy ?

The Welfare State and the Great Depression 1929-1939 NOTES We will discuss this in more detail in Chapter 6 A direct result of a free-market economic system Stock market crash Banks failed Factories closed, causing unemployment International trade declined Is this 2009?

Discuss

The Great Depression

HANDOUT TO FILL IN FROM NEXT SLIDE DISCUSS

The Crowsnest Pass Coal Strike 1932 READING This 7-month strike, involving all but one mine in Alberta's CROWSNEST PASS, was the most bitter strike in the region's turbulent history. It began in Coleman in January 1932 with demands that companies divide available work in the depressed coal-mining industry equally among miners rather than playing favorites. Coal companies refused to deal with the workers' militant union, the Mine Workers' Union of Canada, and showdowns between the coal operators and the MWUC caused the strike to spread through the Pass. The RCMP were required to separate strikers and "scabs" and numerous confrontations came to pass. The strike left a left-wing legacy in the Pass because of resentment against the companies, the RCMP and provincial authorities.

Crowsnest Pass Coal Stike 1932 Fig. 4-10 p.146 What was at stake for both strikers and employers in this strike?

Indicative Planning READ DISCUSS The government indicates certain policies depending on the state of the economy. Government can manipulate the economy through such devices as altering the interest rates, and spending on “ public works programs.”. Increase spending during times of high unemployment. This is called “Deficit Spending”, where governments spend even at the risk of going into debt.

Monetary Policy Bank of Canada NOTES 

Fiscal Policy: Taxation & Government Spending NOTES 

READ PAGES 145-150 

Keynesian Economics John Maynard Keynes—British economist Recession deepened through the 1930s Observing this, Keynes believed that classical liberal economic theory was based on a fundamental error. He believed that when supply and demand were in balance, that this would not necessarily result in full employment, etc.

Figure 4-11, pages 146-147 BOLD GO IN NOTES  Keynesian Economics Keynes believed that in order to lesson the severity of a recession, governments should spend more money and reduce taxes. This would leave individuals more money to spend and invest into the economy. He also believed that in times of inflation (boom times), government should spend less money and raise taxes. Also known as demand-side economics To what extent can Keynes be considered the originator of the mixed economy (modified market economy)?

Keynesian Model Demand Side Economics Government spending reduce taxes to “kick start” the economy higher social security benefits

Keynesian Economics Pause and Reflect p.148 To what extent can Keynes be considered the originator of the mixed economy, also referred to as the modified market economy?

Keynes Chart

COPY INTO NOTES

Business Cycle Chart NOTES  INFLATIONARY PERIOD RECESSION

President Roosevelt and Keynesian Economic APPICATION The alphabet agencies were the U.S. federal government agencies created as part of the New Deal of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The earliest agencies were created to combat the Great Depression in the United States and were established during Roosevelt's first 100 days in office in 1933; Some alphabet agencies were established by Congress, such as the Tennessee Valley Authority. The agencies were sometimes referred to as alphabet soup

Ways in which classical liberalism responded to competing ideologies NOTES Economic principles were adapted to provide workers with limited working hours, minimum wages, pensions and medical insurance. Economists such as keynes developed rationale for adapting laissez-faire capitalism to moderate the boom and bust cycles

Explore the Issues P. 150 Figure 4-13 Draw the spectrum into your notes and answer question # 3. Answers: Marxism/ karl Marx Socialism/Robert Owen and Claude Saint-Simon Modern Liberalism/Roosevelt Welfare Capitalism/Keynes and Roosevelt Classical Conservatism/ Burke

The Extension of Equality READ PAGES 154 TO 159 TAKE NOTES 

The Extension of Equality http://www.histori.ca/minutes/theme.do?id=10004&className=ca.histori.minutes.entity.ClassicMinute. Students will record how the featured women—Agnes Macphail, Emily Murphy, Jennie Trout, Laura Secord and Nellie McClung impacted change and reform in Canada.

The Extension of Equality 19th century, Laws governing the conditions of employment which outline the minimum rights and obligations of the employer and employee. Pause and Reflect p.155 How would a capitalist or a supporter of classical liberalism likely have responded to the UN Declaration in the 19th century? How does the recognition of this new right to organize demonstrate the extension of equality rights?

Pause and Reflect p.155 Answer: a capitalist would not support the UN Declaration because it supplants economic freedoms of the marketplace. It expanded political rights to economic rights to form bargaining groups to negotiate for increased wages and or improved working conditions in the interests of the workers.

Pause and Reflect p.155 To what extent is the Worker’s Party supportive of, or a reaction to, classical liberalism. Answer: argues against the actions of the capitalist class and would attract workers who felt that capitalist policies discriminated against them

Pause and Reflect p 156 What perspective on classical liberalism do DiLorenzo’s comment reflect? To whom would each of these points of view on unions seems attractive and to whom would they appear a threat? Answer: argues that capitalism can raise the overall standard of living and improve working conditions, which would attract those favouring capitalism.

In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire Working conditions at the turn of the twentieth century bordered on the appalling. Brought working conditions to public prominence. Fire escape doors locked by an employer concerned that they would slip away for brief breaks Having no other choice, the women ran to the windows only to find no fire escapes on the side of the building. One hundred and forty-six women died, consumed by flames or leaping to their death on the ground below.

USE OF SONG Workers used song They found that street corner meetings drew more attendance if a Salvation Army-type band was there to attract attention." They also learned that when people sing, they remember the message of the song.

Solidarity forever! Solidarity forever! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0VtAhrq9S0w Solidarity forever! Solidarity forever! Solidarity forever! For the Union makes us strong. When the Union's inspiration through the workers' blood shall run, There can be no power greater anywhere beneath the sun, Yet what force on earth is weaker than the feeble strength of one? But the Union makes us strong. For the union makes us strong. Is there aught we hold in common with the greedy parasite, Who would lash us into serfdom and would crush us with his might? Is there anything left to us but to organize and fight? Chorus It is we who plowed the prairies; built the cities where they trade; Dug the mines and built the workshops, endless miles of railroad laid; Now we stand outcast and starving midst the wonders we have made; But the union makes us strong.

Chorus All the world that's owned by idle drones is ours and ours alone. We have laid the wide foundations; built it skyward stone by stone. It is ours, not to slave in, but to master and to own. While the union makes us strong. They have taken untold millions that they never toiled to earn, But without our brain and muscle not a single wheel can turn. We can break their haughty power, gain our freedom when we learn That the union makes us strong. Chorus In our hands is placed a power greater than their hoarded gold, Greater than the might of armies, magnified a thousand-fold. We can bring to birth a new world from the ashes of the old For the union makes us strong.

Times they are a Changin Bob Dylan Times they are a Changin This became an anthem for frustrated youth. It summed up the anti-establishment feelings of people who would later be known as hippies. Many of the lyrics are based on the Civil Rights movement in the US

Times they are a Changin Come gather 'round people Wherever you roam And admit that the waters Around you have grown And accept it that soon You'll be drenched to the bone. If your time to you Is worth savin' Then you better start swimmin' Or you'll sink like a stone For the times they are a-changin'. Come writers and critics Who prophesize with your pen And keep your eyes wide The chance won't come again And don't speak too soon For the wheel's still in spin And there's no tellin' who That it's namin'. For the loser now Will be later to win For the times they are a-changin'. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vCWdCKPtnYE

Come senators, congressman Please heed the call Don't stand in the doorway Don't block up the hall For he who gets hurt Will be he who has stalled There's a battle outside And it is ragin'. It'll soon shake your windows And rattle your walls For the times they are a-changin'. Come mothers and fathers Throughout the land And don't criticize What you can't understand Your sons and your daughters Are beyond your command You old road is Rapidly agin'. Please get out of the new one If you can't lend your hand For the times they are a-changin'. The line it is drawn The curse it is cast The slow one now Will later be fast As the present now Will later be past The order is Rapidly fadin'. And the first one now Will later be last

Pause and Reflect p.155 To what extent is the Worker’s Party supportive of, or a reaction to, classical liberalism. Answer: argues against the actions of the capitalist class and would attract workers who felt that capitalist policies discriminated against them

What perspective on classical liberalism do DiLorenzo’s comment reflect? To whom would each of these points of view on unions seems attractive and to whom would they appear a threat? argues that capitalism can raise the overall standard of living and improve working conditions, which would attract those favouring capitalism.

Universal Suffrage the term universal suffrage is associated only with the right to vote the frequency that an incumbent government consults the electorate. Historically, universal suffrage often in fact refers to universal adult male suffrage. From 1867-1919 the classical liberal idea that voting was a privilege for the few. First nations were provided the right to vote in 1960.

Boss.  "You have the liberty of Voting for any one you please; but we have the Liberty of Counting in any one we please." Do your Duty as Citizens, and leave the rest to take its course." - New York Times.

Equality Rights for Women In Western Democracies Define the term Feminism What role did the “suffragists” play in helping women acquire rights? Is women’s suffrage common in Middle east countries? Can you suggest why these counties may not be overly supportive of suffrage in general and female suffrage in particular?

Restrictions on Women in Saudi Arabia Open a bank account without her husbands permission Go anywhere without a chaperone Drive a car (conflicting reports on the future opportunities) Wear clothes or make-up that “show of their beauty” Interact with men Go for a swim Compete freely in sports (Did participate in the London games 1st time accompanied by a male guardian but had to wear a “Sharia-compliant” sports kit that covered their hair. Hard-line clerics denounced the women as “prostitutes”. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFXv7XT66ng Try on clothes when shopping Other unusual restrictions Enter a cemetery Read an uncensored fashion magazine Buy a Barbie Source: http://www.theweek.co.uk/60339/eleven-things-women-in-saudi-arabia-cannot-do

Equality Rights for Women In Western Democracies Define the term Feminism What role did the “suffragists” play in helping women acquire rights? Is women’s suffrage common in Middle east countries? Can you suggest why these counties may not be overly supportive of suffrage in general and female suffrage in particular?

End Chapter 3-4 Test