1. Reforming the Industrial Worldp

2. Objectives
Identify thinkers and ideas that supported industrialization
Explain the origins and main concepts of socialism and Marxism
Examine unionization and legislative reform
Describe other reform movements of the 1800s

3. The Philosophers of Industrialization
Laissez-faire Economics
“let do” – “let people do as they please
Adam Smith
Free markets – free economy
The Wealth of Nations
Law of Self-interest
People work for their own good
Law of competition
Competition forces people to make better products
Law of supply and demand
Enough goods would be produced at the lowest possible price to meet demand in a market economy

4. The Philosophers of Industrialization
The Economics of Capitalism
Capitalism
Economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business venture to make a profit
Natural laws govern economic life
Government should not intervine
An Essay of the Principle of Population
Population increases faster than food supply
Wars and disease keep the lower class under control
Principles of Political Economy and Taxation
Underclass would always be poor

5. The Rise of Socialism John Stuart Mill
Utilitarianism
John Stuart Mill
Workers should not leave depraved lives
Equal division of profits
Cooperative agriculture
Women's rights
Suffrage
Utilitarians pushed for reforms in
Legal system
Prisons
Education
Jeremy Bentham
People should judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of their utility, or usefulness
Wealthy and governments must take action to improve people’s lives

6. The Rise of Socialism Government plan the economy
Factors of production are owned by the public and operated for the welfare of all
Optimistic view of human nature
Government plan the economy
Factories
Mines
Railroads
Workers would not be the mercy o the owners

7. Marxism: Radical Socialism
The Communist Manifesto
Karl Marx
Philosopher
Journalism
Economist
Society is made of warring classes
Bourgeoisie
“Haves”
Proletariat
“Have-nots”

8. Marxism: Radical Socialism
The Future According to Marx
Factories would drive small businesses out of business
A small number would control the wealth
The larger proletariats would revolt
Seize the factories and create what society needed
Workers sharing profits would bring economic equality
“Dictatorship of the proletariat”
Classless society

9. Marxism: Radical Socialism
Lenin
Mao Zedong
Fidel Castro
The Future According to Marx (cont.)
Communism
A form of complete socialism in which the means of production – all lands, mines, factories, railroads, and business – would be owned by the people

10. Labor Unions and Reform Laws
Unionization
Unions
Engaged in collective bargaining, negotiations between workers and their employers
Strike
Refuse to work
Skilled workers lead the way
Extra bargaining power
Would have trouble replacing them
For years UK bans Unions
Denies the right to form them
Combination Acts of 1799 and 1800
Made unions and strikes illegal

11. Labor Unions and Reform Laws
Factory Act of 1833
Illegal to hire children under the age of 9
9-12 y/o could only work 8 hours
13-17 could work more than 12 hours
Ten Hours Act of 1847
Women and children limited to 10 hours of work a day
Reforms in the United States
National Child Labor Committee
1904

12. The Reform Movement Spreads
The Abolition of Slavery
West Indies – 1807
British Empire – 1833
Some motivated by morals, other see it as an economic threat
America – 1865
Puerto Rico – 1873
Cuba – 1886
Brazil – 1888

13. The Reform Movement Spreads
The Fight for Women’s Rights
Reforms Spread to Many Areas of Life
Mixed blesses
Higher wages than home work
1/3 of what men made
Educated women began to lead the fight
19th Amendment – 1919
Public education
Prepare children to become good citizens
Prisons
Reform more than punish

14. How does laissez-faire economics reflect Enlightenment ideas of challenging power and authority?
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15. How did capitalism bring about the Industrial Revolution?
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16. How does the utilitarian approach judge the worth of ideas?
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17. How are the “haves” and the “have-nots” interdependent?
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18. Do you think that Marx agreed that people work for self-interest?
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19. How did the growth of unions help workers?
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20. How do you think joining a union or supporting a reform law made workers feel?
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21. How can slavery be an economic threat?
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22. What do lower wages for women suggest about their place in industrial society?
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