THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN 193 AD

DIOCLETIAN’S TETRARCHY KEY MOESIAE (Galerius) Diocese Hostile neighbour Border of empire Border of diocese Franks Goths BRITANNIAE (Constantius) Alemans GALLIAE (Constantius) Goths THRACIA (Galerius) PONTICA (Diocletian) VIENNENSIS (Constantius) Milan – capital after 286 MOESIAE (Galerius) ASIANA (Diocletian) Rome - capital to 286 ITALIA (Maximian) Sassinid Empire HISPANIAE (Maximian) PANNONIAE (Galerius) AFRICA (Maximian) ORIENS (Diocletian) Moors

CONSTANTINE’S DIVISION OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE

INCURSIONS INTO THE LATE ROMAN EMPIRE C.420 AD Key INCURSIONS INTO THE LATE ROMAN EMPIRE C.420 AD Official borders of Roman Empire in 420 Provinces still under direct Roman rule Notionally subordinate foederati kingdoms Fully independent former Roman territories External threats Eastern Empire PICTS ANGLES, SAXONS, JUTES AFRICA FRISIANS HUNS ROMANO-BRITISH SLAVS FRANKS HUNS ALANS BURGUNDIANS RUGIANS ALEMANNI LOMBARDS FRANKS GALLIA (Gaul) HUNS OSTROGOTHS ALARIC’S ROUTE 401-410 VISIGOTHS VISI GOTHS CONSTANTINOPLE ATAULF’S ROUTE 401-410 RAVENNA ILLYRICUM SUEVI SASSINIDS ITALIA HISPANIA ROME ALANS VANDALS AFRICA ARABS BERBERS

HUN INCURSIONS INTO THE ROMAN EMPIRE Huns defeated at Catalunian Fields 451 451 452 441 Truce with Pope Leo I 452 Huns victory at River Utus 443 443 447 Huns victory at Chersonesus 443 – paid tribute by Eastern Empire 448 – paid tribute by Eastern Empire HUN INCURSIONS INTO THE ROMAN EMPIRE

EUROPE IN 476 – COLLAPSE AND CONTINUITY

EUROPE IN 500 AFTETR THE COLLAPSE OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE Danes Finns Picts EUROPE IN 500 AFTETR THE COLLAPSE OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE Irish Britons FRISIANS Huns ANGLO-SAXONS SAXONS Slavs OSTROGOTHS THURINGIANS BAVARIANS LOMBARDS Bretons GEPIDS FRANKS Slavs BURGUNDIANS EASTERN ROMAN/ BYZANTINE EMPIRE OSTROGOTHS SUEVI Basques VISIGOTHS VANDALS KEY SUEVI Germanic kingdom Former border of Roman Empire at its maximum extent (117AD) Picts Non-Germanic kingdom Surviving Roman Empire Germanic homeland Berbers

EXPANSION OF THE EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE UNDER JUSTINIAN KEY Frontier of Byzantine empire on accession of Justinian in 527 Additional territory added by the time of Justinian's death in 564 VANDAL NORTH AFRICA (534 – Vandal King Gelimer’s surrender) Byzantine neighbour (date and event which defined relationship under Justinian) Byzantine military offensive under Justinian (Commander and date) Liberius 552 MEROVINGIAN FRANKS (Allies from 560s onwards) AVARS (559-61 – Paid by Justinian to subjugate Huns and Slavs ) SASSINID PERSIAN EMPIRE (532 – Treaty of Eternal Peace, 542 - Raid on Assyria ) LOMBARDS (Contained by joint Merovingian / Byzantine pressure) Constantinople Ravenna captured 540 Belisarius 542 Harith/ Narses 538 OSTROGOTH ITALY (540 – occupation of Ravenna, 554- Pragmatic Sanction) Rome captured 536 VISIGOTH SPAIN (555 – Defeat of Visigoth King Athanagild) 535-40 Belisarius 533 ARABS (Prince Al-Harith recruited as feodorati leader in 529 against Sassinids) Belisarius Carthage captured 540 Liberius 552 VANDAL NORTH AFRICA (534 – Vandal King Gelimer’s surrender) MOORS (548 – Defeat of Moorish princes) John Troglita 548 EXPANSION OF THE EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE UNDER JUSTINIAN

POST-ROMAN GAUL: VISIGOTHS AND MEROVINGIAN FRANKS

The Frankish empire in 687 – the eve of Carolingian domination

CHARLES MARTEL’S CAMPAIGNS AGAINST THE UMMAYADS MEROVINGIAN NEUSTRIA CHARLES MARTEL’S CAMPAIGNS AGAINST THE UMMAYADS Battle of tours Oct 732 (merovingian victory) Rahman late 732 MEROVINGIAN BURGUNDY Battle of River Garonne spring? 732 (umayyad victory over aquatanians) Battle of tours Oct 732 (merovingian Victory) AQUATAINE Rahman’s second invasion late 732 PROVENCE LOMBARD ITALY CHRISTIAN ASTURIAS invasion early 732 Rahman’s first (VISIGOTH UNTIL SEIZED BY UMAYYADS IN 718) SEPTIMANIA Siege & relief of avignon 737 (merovingian victory) Rahman’s Third invasion spring? 732 Battle of River Berre 737 (merovingian victory) UMMAYAD CALIPHATE OF CORDOBA Umayyad relief force summer? 732

CHARLEMAGNE’S EUROPE

THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE AFTER THE PARTITION OF VERDUN

KEY AREA OF VIKING RAIDS Areas of Viking settlement Dublin ELBE Iceland (874-1262) KEY Dublin Areas of Viking settlement Areas of Viking raiding ELBE Greenland (988-1408) Rivers used by Viking raiders Vinland (North America) (1000-1020) The Isles (878-1265) Norway (before 800) Sweden (Before 800) VISTULA Grobina (from c.850) Denmark (Before 800) Truso (from 800) Dublin (840-1014) THAMES ELBE ODER Danelaw (867-937) RHINE Normandy (from 911) SEINE AREA OF VIKING RAIDS LOIRE RHONE ARNO GARONNE Norman Kingdom Of Sicily (1038-1189) DOURO TAGUS GUADALQUIVIR

ATTACKS ON 9TH CENTURY EUROPE BY THE ARABS, VIKINGS AND MAGYARS Frisia 834 River Scheldt 834 River Somme 820 East Francia River Seine 841 West Francia Magyar raids from 862 Paris (besieged 845, 885-6) River Loire 799 Burgundy KEY Papal land Frontier Internal border River Garonne 844 Pisa 844 Narbonne 844 Burgundy PAPACY Raiders (target and date shown) Corsica 806 Rome 846 Viking Arab Magyar

THE ESTABLISHMENT OF RUS BY THE RURIKID VIKINGS C.850-950 Staraja Ladoga Belozero VOLGA MOLOGA Bulgar Jaroslavl Novgorod MSTA LOVAT Birka DVINA Polotsk == == Chernigov DON = Smolensk DESNA Sarkel KIEV DNEIPER Pechenegs CONSTANTINOPLE Byzantine Empire

NEW STATES IN AND NEAR EUROPE ICELAND (930) NOVGOROD (1017) NEW STATES IN AND NEAR EUROPE 892-1061 (APPROX. DATE OF FOUNDATION IN BRACKETS) MUSLIM SUZDAL (1024) NORWAY (930) SMOLENSK (1054) ORKNEY (AFTER 892) POLOTSK (988) SWEDEN (1000) CHERNIGOV (907) VIKING/ SCANDINAVIAN MAGYAR KIEV (987) SUNNI MUSLIM SHI’ITE MUSLIM PEREISLAVYL (992) DENMARK (970) VLADIMIR (900) Pechenegs MUSLIM PART OF FORMER UMMAYAD CALIPHATE HUNGARY (972) NORMANDY (911) RUS PRINCIPALITIES (LINKED BY HOUSE OF RURIK) ROMAN CATHOLIC CHRISTIAN ORTHODOX CHRISTIAN NORMAN ITALY/ SICILY (1061) UMMAYAD CALIPHATE (FRACTURES INTO WARRING EMIRATES 1002) FATIMID CALIPHATE (909)

THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE 629-1025 KEY TREBIZOND NICOPOLIS VENICE CONSTANTINOPLE RAGUSA ROME NICEA ANTIOCH BARI NEAPOLIS SYRACUSE CARTHAGE ALEXANDRIA KEY Byzantine territory in 629 Other major city Byzantine territory in 800 Metropolis city Byzantine territory gained 960-1025

THE 11TH CENTURY BYZANTINE CRISIS CUMANS & PECHENEGS TREBIZOND NICOPOLIS Manzikert 1071 VENICE CONSTANTINOPLE RAGUSA Larissa 1084 SELJUKS Levounion 1091 Dyrrachium 1082 NICEA ANTIOCH BARI NEAPOLIS NORMANS SYRACUSE KEY Byzantine territory in 1025 Decisive battle Hostile neighbour CUMANS Byzantine territory in 1092 Major Byzantine city

BYZANTINE RECOVERY UNDER ALEXIOS COMNENOS TREBIZOND NICOPOLIS CONSTANTINOPLE RAGUSA NICEA ANTIOCH KEY

EARLY CAPETIAN FRANCE KEY England (Norman from 1066) COUNTY OF FLANDERS England (Norman from 1066) Ottonion Holy Roman Empire COUNTY OF VERMANDOIS Rheims Champagne fairs Paris DUCHY OF NORMANDY River Seine DUCHY OF BURGUNDY (Capetian from 1016) COUNTY OF ANJOU DUCHY OF BRITANNY DUCHY OF AQUITAINE Venice COUNTY OF TOLOUSE DUCHY OF GASCONY MARQUISATE OF GOTHIA Papacy KEY Lands added to Royal Domain by 1108 Navarre Borders of West Francia Royal Domain in 978 Borders of major fiefs

Catholic Western Europe Russian principalities expand to east and west Danes and Norwegians colonise Iceland, Greenland and North America PAGAN BALTS Holy Roman Empire states encroaches on pagan Balts’ land Catholic Western Europe Byzantines recapture coastal Anatolia 1097 MUSLIM SELJUKS Orthodox Eastern Europe Ongoing Reconquista of Muslim Spain by Navarre and Aragon 1091: Normans evict Muslims from Sicily First Crusade seizes the Holy Land 1099 MUSLIM PRINCIPALITIES OF AL-ANDALUS KEY Catholic/ Orthodox border in 1125 MUSLIM FATIMIDS European Christian offensives Border of European Christendom in 1125 Neighbour of European Christendom MUSLIM SELJUKS THE EXPANSION OF CHRISTENDOM IN THE 11TH CENTURY