Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania CHAPTER 5

HUNTERS AND FARMERS IN THE AMERICAS BERINGIA-land bridge from Asia to the Americas ARRIVED ABOUT 20,000 YEARS AGO MIGRATED OR CAME BY BOAT HUNTERS FISHED, GATHERED PLANTS AND FRUITS ADAPTED TO ENVIRONMENT

FARMING PRESENT DAY CENTRAL MEXICO MAIZE-corn PERMANENT VILLAGES TEHUACAN VALLEY (MEXICO CITY) RELIABLE AND EXPANDING FOOD SUPPLY POPULATION GROWTH COMPLEX AND SOPHISTAICATED SOCIETIES

MAIZE TEHUACAN VALLEY

MESOAMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS OLMEC LARGE WAVE OF HUMANS TRAVELED FROM SIBERIA TO ALASKA AROUND 13,000 B.C.E. BY 9500 B.C.E. HUMANS REACHED THE SOUTHERNMOST PART OF SOUTH AMERICA. AROUND 1200BC, JUNGLES OF SOUTHERN MEXICO “MOTHER CULTURE” BEGAN THE RISE OF CIVILIZATIONS IN THE AREA AGRICULTURAL VILLAGES APPEAR AFTER 3000 B.C.E NO LARGE DOMESTICATED ANIMALS NO WHEELED VEHICLES

CEREMONIAL CENTERS APPEAR BY THE END OF THE SECOND MILLENNIUM B.C.E. POLYTHEISTIC JAGUAR GOD-MAIN DIETY-RAIN AND FERTILITY OVER 2,000 GODS

PLANNED CEREMONIAL CENTERS JAGUAR SPIRIT & PLANNED CEREMONIAL CENTERS

RULERS POWER CONSTRUCTION OF HUGE PYRAMIDS FLAT TOP LIKE SUMERIAN ZIGGURAT INSTEAD OF POINT LIKE EGYPTIAN PYRAMID USED FOR WORSHIP-NOT BURIAL TEMPLE AT VERY TOP-HUMAN SACRIFICE

OLMEC COLOSSAL HEADS-possibly the likenesses of rulers?

BALL GAMES

OLMEC CALENDARS AND MATH OLMEC TRADE JADE OBSIDIAN OLMEC CALENDARS AND MATH OLMEC DECLINE SYSTEMATICALLY DESTROYED CEREMONIAL CENTERS BY 400 B.C.E.

INFLUENCE OF OLMECS? CALENDAR HUMAN SACRIFICE BALL GAME CEREMONIAL CENTERS MAIZE

MESOAMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS ZAPOTEC SCATTERED VILLAGES THROUGHOUT OAXACA VALLEY STONE STRUCTURES HIEROGLYPHIC WRITING SYSTEM CALENDAR SYSTEM MONTE ALBAN: FIRST URBAN CENTER IN THE HISTORY OF MAN

ZAPOTEC CIVILIZATION

ZAPOTEC HIEROGLYPHICS

MONTE ALBAN AVERAGE: 15,000 PEOPLE HEIGHT: 25,000 PEOPLE TEMPLES PYRAMIDS PALACES STONE PLAZA AMERICA’S FIRST CITY BUILDERS MYSTEROUS DECLINE

MONTE ALBAN

RUINS OF MONTE ALBAN-ZAPOTEC CIVILIZATION

EARLY CIVILIZATIONS OF THE ANDES MODERN DAY PERU CHAVIN PERIOD 900-200 BC RELIGIOUS CIVILIZATION NAZCA 200 BC-600 AD IRRIGATION SYSTEMS TEXTILES AND POTTERY MOCHE 100-700 AD IRRIGATION SYSTEMS AGRICULTURE WEALTHY MYSTEROUS DOWNFALL

CHAVIN PERIOD

MOCHE NAZCA

MAYA-HEIRS OF THE OLMECS WHO were the Maya? A great civilization arose in what is today southern Mexico and northern Central America. This was the Mayan civilization. It appeared around A.D. 250 Between then and 900, the Maya built large cities such as Tikal and Copan. Each city was independent and ruled by a god-king. Each city was a religious center as well as a government center for the area around it. These cities were large. Tens of thousands of people lived in these cities. The cities were full of temples, palaces, and pyramids. Archaeologists have found at least 50 Mayan cities.

Chichen Itza, power by the ninth century; loose empire in the Yucatan

MAYA CREATE URBAN KINGDOMS (pages 395-396) Trade linked these cities. Among the trade goods were salt, flint, feathers, shells, cotton cloth, and ornaments made of jade. Cacao beans, which are used to make chocolate, were sometimes used as money. Maize, beans, and squash were the main foods.

MAYAN SOCIAL CLASSES Mayan society was divided into social classes. Kings, Priests, and Hereditary Nobility at the top. Merchants, Warriors, and Craft Workers were at the next level. Served as ambassadors Professional architects and artisans were important Peasant farmers and Slaves – the majority of the people – were at the bottom.

Warrior columns- Chichen Itza

MAYAN RELIGION The Mayan religion was at the center of their society. There were many gods, including one for each day. The actions of the day’s god could be predicted, they thought, by following a calendar. Popol Vuh records a Mayan myth of creation-gods created humans out of maize and water.

MAYAN RELIGION, CONT'D. Gods maintained agricultural cycles in exchange for honors and sacrifices Bloodletting rituals honored gods for rain

RELIGION SHAPES MAYAN LIFE (pages 396-398) The Mayan religion led to the development of the calendar , mathematics, and astronomy. Mayan math included the idea of zero. They had two calendars. One calendar was religious, and it had 20 13-day months. The other calendar was based on the sun. It had 18 months consisting of 20 days. The Maya linked the two together to identify days what would bring good fortune.

RELIGION SHAPES MAYAN LIFE (pages 396-398) Mayan astronomy was very accurate. They observed the planets, sun, and moon to make their calendars as accurate as possible. They calculated the time it takes the earth to revolve around the sun almost perfectly.

RELIGION SHAPES MAYAN LIFE (pages 396-398) The Maya also developed the most advanced writing system in the ancient Americas. Mayan writing was made up of about 800 symbols, or glyphs. They used their writing system to record important historical events. They carved in stone or recorded events in a bark-paper book known as a codex. Three of these ancient books still survive.

MYSTERIOUS MAYAN DECLINE (pages 398-399) WHY did the civilization decline? In the late 800s, the Maya civilization began to decline. Historians do not know why. One explanation may be that warfare between the different city-states disrupted Mayan societies. The wars interrupted trade and drove many people out of the cities into the jungle. Another may be that the soil became less productive due to intensive farming over a long period of time. Whatever the cause, the Maya became a less powerful people. They continued to live in the area, but their cities were no longer the busy trade and religious centers they had been.

Heirs of the Olmecs: Teotihuachan The city of Teotihuacan in the highlands of Mexico

Colossal pyramids of the sun and moon

High point between 400-600 C.E. 200,000 inhabitants Sun pyramid Moon pyramid High point between 400-600 C.E. 200,000 inhabitants

Paintings and murals reflect the importance of priests

Teotihuacan society Rulers and priests dominated society Two-thirds of the city’s inhabitants worked in the fields during daytime Artisans were famous for their obsidian tools and orange pottery

Professional merchants traded extensively throughout Mesoamerica No sign of military organization or conquest

Cultural traditions: ball game, calendar, writing, sacrifices Decline of Teotihuacan from 650 C.E. ; was sacked and destroyed mid-eighth century

Early societies in South America Early Andean society and the Chavin cult - Early migration to Peru and Bolivia region

By 12,000 B.C.E. hunting and gathering peoples reached South America By 8000 B.C.E. they began to experiment with agriculture Complex societies appeared in central Andean region after 1000 B.C.E. Andean societies were located in modern day Peru and Bolivia

Early agriculture in South America Main crops: beans, peanuts, sweet potatoes, cotton Fishing supplemented agricultural harvests

By 1800 B.C.E. the people produced pottery, built temples and pyramids

The Chavin Cult, from about 900-300 B.C.E. Complexity of Andean society increases during Chavin Devised techniques of producing cotton textiles and fishing nets Discovered gold, silver, and copper metallurgy

Cities begin to appear shortly after Chavin cult Early Andeans did not make use of writing

Early Andean states: Mochica in northern Peru

Irrigation, trade, military, no writing - artistic legacy: painting on pottery, ceramics

Early societies of Oceania Early societies in Australia and New Guinea Human migrants arrived in Australia and New Guinea at least 60,000 years ago

About ten thousand years ago, rising seas separated Australia and New Guinea By the mid-centuries of the first millennium C.E., human communities in all habitable islands of the Pacific Ocean Australia: hunting and gathering until the nineteenth and twentieth centuries C.E. New Guinea: turned to agriculture about 3000 B.C.E.

Austronesian peoples from southeast Asia were seafarers to New Guinea

Early agriculture in New Guinea: root crops herding animals Proof of drainage of swamps for agriculture, low lying areas 5000 B.C.E.

The peopling of the Pacific Islands Austronesian migration to Polynesia

Outrigger canoes allowed them to sail safely

Agriculture and domesticated animals

Austronesian migrations to Micronesia and Madagascar - Lapita Society from New Guinea to Tonga (1500-500 B.C.E.) Agricultural villages Pottery with geometric designs

Networks of trade communication: pottery, obsidian, shells, tools traded

After 500 B.C.E. trade network declined; cultures developed independently Hierarchical chiefdoms; tensions led to migrations Devine or semi-divine chiefs: led public rituals, oversaw irrigation