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Chapter 11 Table of Contents Section 1 Control of Gene Expression Section 2 Gene Expression in Development and Cell Division

Chapter 11 Objectives Section 1 Control of Gene Expression Explain why cells regulate gene expression. Discuss the role of operons in prokaryotic gene expression. Determine how repressor proteins and inducers affect transcription in prokaryotes. Describe the structure of a eukaryotic gene. Compare the two ways gene expression is controlled in eukaryotes.

Role of Gene Expression Section 1 Control of Gene Expression Chapter 11 Role of Gene Expression Gene expression is the activation of a gene that results in transcription and the production of mRNA. Only a fraction of any cell’s genes are expressed at any one time.

Gene Expression in Prokaryotes Section 1 Control of Gene Expression Chapter 11 Gene Expression in Prokaryotes An operon is a series of genes that code for specific products and the regulatory elements that control these genes. In prokaryotes, the structural genes, the promoter, and the operator collectively form an operon.

Chapter 11 Operon Section 1 Control of Gene Expression Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Gene Expression in Prokaryotes, continued Section 1 Control of Gene Expression Chapter 11 Gene Expression in Prokaryotes, continued A promoter is the segment of DNA that is recognized by the enzyme RNA polymerase, which then initiates transcription. An operator is the segment of DNA that acts as a “switch” by controlling the access of RNA polymerase to the promoter.

Gene Expression in Prokaryotes, continued Section 1 Control of Gene Expression Chapter 11 Gene Expression in Prokaryotes, continued Operon “Turned Off” Repressor proteins are coded for by regulator genes and these proteins inhibit genes from being expressed. A repressor protein attaches to the operator, physically blocking the advancement of RNA polymerase.

Repression of Transcription in the lac Operon Section 1 Control of Gene Expression Chapter 11 Repression of Transcription in the lac Operon Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Gene Expression in Prokaryotes, continued Section 1 Control of Gene Expression Chapter 11 Gene Expression in Prokaryotes, continued Operon “Turned On” An inducer is a molecule that initiates gene expression. In E. coli, lactose serves as an inducer. An inducer binds to the repressor protein and the repressor protein detaches from the operator. RNA polymerase can then advance to the structural genes.

Activation of Transcription in the lac Operon Section 1 Control of Gene Expression Chapter 11 Activation of Transcription in the lac Operon Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Mechanism of lac Operon Section 1 Control of Gene Expression Chapter 11 Mechanism of lac Operon

Gene Expression in Eukaryotes Section 1 Control of Gene Expression Chapter 11 Gene Expression in Eukaryotes Structure of a Eukaryotic Gene Eukaryotes do not have operons. The genomes of eukaryotes are larger and more complex than those of prokaryotes. Eukaryotic genes are organized into noncoding sections, called introns, and coding sections, called exons.

Gene Expression in Eukaryotes, continued Section 1 Control of Gene Expression Chapter 11 Gene Expression in Eukaryotes, continued Control After Transcription In eukaryotes, gene expression can be controlled after transcription—through the removal of introns from pre-mRNA.

Removal of Introns After Transcription Section 1 Control of Gene Expression Chapter 11 Removal of Introns After Transcription

Gene Expression in Eukaryotes, continued Section 1 Control of Gene Expression Chapter 11 Gene Expression in Eukaryotes, continued Control at the Onset of Transcription In eukaryotes, gene expression can be controlled at the onset of transcription—through the action of regulatory proteins known as transcription factors.

Enhancers for Control of Gene Expression Section 1 Control of Gene Expression Chapter 11 Enhancers for Control of Gene Expression Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Controlling Transcription in Eukaryotes Section 1 Control of Gene Expression Chapter 11 Controlling Transcription in Eukaryotes

Section 2 Gene Expression in Development and Cell Division Chapter 11 Objectives Summarize the role of gene expression in an organism’s development. Describe the influence of homeotic genes in eukaryotic development. State the role of the homeobox in eukaryotic development. Summarize the effects of mutations in causing cancer. Compare the characteristics of cancer cells with those of normal cells.

Gene Expression in Development Section 2 Gene Expression in Development and Cell Division Chapter 11 Gene Expression in Development The development of cells with specialized functions is called cell differentiation. The development of form in an organism is called morphogenesis. Both cell differentiation and morphogenesis are governed by gene expression.

Gene Expression in Development, continued Section 2 Gene Expression in Development and Cell Division Chapter 11 Gene Expression in Development, continued Homeotic Genes Homeotic genes are regulatory genes that determine where anatomical structures will be placed during development.

Gene Expression in Development, continued Section 2 Gene Expression in Development and Cell Division Chapter 11 Gene Expression in Development, continued Homeobox Sequences Within each homeotic gene, a specific DNA sequence known as the homeobox regulates patterns of development. The homeoboxes of many eukaryotic organisms appear to be very similar.

Gene Expression in Development, continued Section 2 Gene Expression in Development and Cell Division Chapter 11 Gene Expression in Development, continued Tracking Changes in Gene Expression In the 1990s, researchers developed a tool for tracking gene expression called a DNA chip.

Gene Expression, Cell Division, and Cancer Section 2 Gene Expression in Development and Cell Division Chapter 11 Gene Expression, Cell Division, and Cancer Mutations of proto-oncogenes, which regulate cell growth, or tumor-suppressor genes, which prevent cell division from occurring too often,may lead to cancer. Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells.

Effect of Mutation on Gene Expression Section 2 Gene Expression in Development and Cell Division Chapter 11 Effect of Mutation on Gene Expression

Chapter 11 Gene Expression, Cell Division, and Cancer, continued Section 2 Gene Expression in Development and Cell Division Chapter 11 Gene Expression, Cell Division, and Cancer, continued Gene Expression in Cancer Unlike normal cells, cancer cells continue to divide indefinitely, even if they become densely packed. Cancer cells will also continue dividing even if they are no longer attached to other cells.

Chapter 11 Gene Expression, Cell Division, and Cancer, continued Section 2 Gene Expression in Development and Cell Division Chapter 11 Gene Expression, Cell Division, and Cancer, continued Causes of Cancer A carcinogen is any substance that can induce or promote cancer. Most carcinogens are mutagens, substances that cause mutations.

Chapter 11 Multiple Choice Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following codes for a repressor protein? A. enhancer B. promoter C. regulator gene D. structural gene

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 11 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 1. Which of the following codes for a repressor protein? A. enhancer B. promoter C. regulator gene D. structural gene

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 11 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. Which component of an operon controls the advancement of RNA polymerase? F. exon G. operator H. promoter J. structural gene

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 11 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. Which component of an operon controls the advancement of RNA polymerase? F. exon G. operator H. promoter J. structural gene

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 11 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. Pre-mRNA contains which of the following? A. exons only B. introns only C. both introns and exons D. neither introns nor exons

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 11 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. Pre-mRNA contains which of the following? A. exons only B. introns only C. both introns and exons D. neither introns nor exons

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 11 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The graph below shows the number of cigarettes smoked per capita per year between 1920 and 2000 and the annual incidence of lung cancer among women. Use the graph to answer the question that follows. 4. What was the relationship between number of cigarettes smoked and incidence of lung cancer? F. There was no relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer. G. As the number of cigarettes smoked decreased, the incidence of lung cancer increased. H. As the number of cigarettes smoked increased, the incidence of lung cancer increased. J. As the number of cigarettes smoked increased, the incidence of lung cancer decreased.

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 11 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The graph below shows the number of cigarettes smoked per capita per year between 1920 and 2000 and the annual incidence of lung cancer among women. Use the graph to answer the question that follows. 4. What was the relationship between number of cigarettes smoked and incidence of lung cancer? F. There was no relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer. G. As the number of cigarettes smoked decreased, the incidence of lung cancer increased. H. As the number of cigarettes smoked increased, the incidence of lung cancer increased. J. As the number of cigarettes smoked increased, the incidence of lung cancer decreased.

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 11 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 5. skin : carcinoma :: blood-forming tissue : A. sarcoma B. leukemia C. lymphoma D. carcinogen

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 11 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 5. skin : carcinoma :: blood-forming tissue : A. sarcoma B. leukemia C. lymphoma D. carcinogen

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 11 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The diagram below shows how mutations in certain genes can lead to cancer. Use the diagram to answer the questions that follow. 6. What does X represent? F. mutagens G. carcinogens H. proto-oncogenes J. tumor-suppressor genes

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 11 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The diagram below shows how mutations in certain genes can lead to cancer. Use the diagram to answer the questions that follow. 6. What does X represent? F. mutagens G. carcinogens H. proto-oncogenes J. tumor-suppressor genes

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 11 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The diagram below shows how mutations in certain genes can lead to cancer. Use the diagram to answer the questions that follow. 7. What does Y represent? A. mutagens B. carcinogens C. proto-oncogenes D. tumor-suppressor genes

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 11 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued The diagram below shows how mutations in certain genes can lead to cancer. Use the diagram to answer the questions that follow. 7. What does Y represent? A. mutagens B. carcinogens C. proto-oncogenes D. tumor-suppressor genes

Chapter 11 Short Response Standardized Test Prep Short Response A biologist isolates mRNA from a mouse brain and liver and finds that the two types of mRNA differ. Can these results be correct, or has the biologist made an error? Explain your answer.

Short Response, continued Chapter 11 Standardized Test Prep Short Response, continued A biologist isolates mRNA from a mouse brain and liver and finds that the two types of mRNA differ. Can these results be correct, or has the biologist made an error? Explain your answer. Answer: The biologist did not make an error. The gene expression, and thus pre-mRNA processing is different, which results in different mRNA for different organs. This is done so that the specific proteins for that organ could be made.

Chapter 11 Extended Response Standardized Test Prep Extended Response Mutations may occur in gametes or in body cells. Part A In which cell type could a mutation cause genetic variation in a population? Part B Explain how genetic variation could result from a mutation in this cell type.

Extended Response, continued Chapter 11 Standardized Test Prep Extended Response, continued Answer: Part A Mutations that occur in the gametes can be a source of genetic variation in a population. Mutations in body cells are restricted to the individual and, unlike gametic mutations, cannot be passed on to future generations (with the exception of asexually reproducing species.) Part B Mutations arising in the gametes can be passed on to offspring during sexual reproduction and the formation of the zygote. The resulting offspring would be different (genetically) from the parent, and may show the resulting characteristics of the particular mutation.