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2. Standardized Test Prep
Resources
Chapter Presentation
Visual Concepts
Transparencies
Standardized Test Prep

3. Chapter 8 Table of Contents Section 1 Chromosomes
Cell Reproduction
Table of Contents
Section 1 Chromosomes
Section 2 Cell Division
Section 3 Meiosis

4. Chapter 8 Objectives Section 1 Chromosomes
Describe the structure of a chromosome.
Identify the differences in structure between prokaryotic chromosomes and eukaryotic chromosomes.
Compare the numbers of chromosomes in different species.
Explain the differences between sex chromosomes and autosomes.
Distinguish between diploid and haploid cells.

5. Chapter 8 Chromosome Structure
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
Chromosome Structure
Chromosomes are rod-shaped structures made of DNA and protein.
In eukaryotes, DNA wraps around proteins called histones to help maintain the compact structure of chromosomes.

6. Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
Chromosome Structure

7. Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
Parts of a Chromosome

8. Chromosome Structure, continued
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
Chromosome Structure, continued
Chromosomes in prokaryotes are simpler in structure than chromosomes in eukaryotes.

9. Comparing Cell Division in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
Comparing Cell Division in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

10. Chapter 8 Chromosome Numbers
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
Chromosome Numbers
Each species has a characteristic number of chromosomes in each cell.

11. Chromosome Numbers of Various Organisms
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
Chromosome Numbers of Various Organisms

12. Chromosome Numbers, continued
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
Chromosome Numbers, continued
Sex Chromosomes and Autosomes
Sex chromosomes are chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism.
All of the other chromosomes in an organism are autosomes.

13. Sex Chromosomes and Autosomes
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
Sex Chromosomes and Autosomes

14. Chromosome Numbers, continued
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
Chromosome Numbers, continued
Diploid and Haploid Cells
Cells having two sets of chromosomes are diploid (2n).
Haploid cells (1n) have only one set of chromosomes.

15. Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
Karyotype

16. Chapter 8 Objectives Section 2 Cell Division
Describe the events of cell division in prokaryotes.
Name the two parts of the cell that are equally divided during cell division in eukaryotes.
Summarize the events of interphase.
Describe the stages of mitosis.
Compare cytokinesis in animal cells with cytokinesis in plant cells.
Explain how cell division is controlled.

17. Cell Division in Prokaryotes
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Cell Division in Prokaryotes
Cell division is the process by which cells reproduce themselves.

18. Cell Division in Prokaryotes, continued
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Cell Division in Prokaryotes, continued
Binary fission is the process of cell division in prokaryotes.

19. Cell Division in Eukaryotes
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Cell Division in Eukaryotes
Cell Cycle
The cell cycle is the repeating set of events in the life of a cell.
The cell cycle consists of cell division and interphase.
Cell division in eukaryotes includes nuclear division, called mitosis, and the division of cytoplasm, called cytokinesis.

20. Cell Cycle Introduction
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Cell Cycle Introduction

21. Cell Division in Eukaryotes, continued
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Cell Division in Eukaryotes, continued
Interphase
Interphase consists of growth (G1), DNA replication, and preparation for cell division (G2).

22. Chapter 8 Stages of Mitosis
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Stages of Mitosis
Mitosis is divided into stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Mitosis results in two offspring cells that are genetically identical to the original cell.

23. Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Stages of Mitosis

24. Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Mitosis

25. Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Cytokinesis
During cytokinesis in animal cells, a cleavage furrow pinches in and eventually separates the dividing cell into two cells.
In plant cells, a cell plate separates the dividing cell into two cells.

26. Chapter 8 Comparing Cell Division in Plants and Animals
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Comparing Cell Division in Plants and Animals

27. Control of Cell Division
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Control of Cell Division
Cell division in eukaryotes is controlled by many proteins.
Control occurs at three main checkpoints.

28. Control of the Cell Cycle
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Control of the Cell Cycle

29. Control of Cell Division, continued
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Control of Cell Division, continued
When Control is Lost: Cancer
Cancer may result if cells do not respond to control mechanisms.

30. Chapter 8 Objectives Section 3 Meiosis
Compare the end products of meiosis with those of mitosis.
Summarize the events of meiosis I.
Explain crossing-over and how it contributes to the production of unique individuals.
Summarize the events of meiosis II.
Compare spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
Define sexual reproduction.

31. Formation of Haploid Cells
Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Formation of Haploid Cells
Meiosis I includes prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I.
Crossing-over, which is when portions of homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material, occurs during prophase I and results in genetic recombination.

32. Formation of Haploid Cells, continued
Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Formation of Haploid Cells, continued
Meiosis is a process of nuclear division that reduces the number of chromosomes in new cells to half the number in the original cell.
Meiosis leads to four haploid cells (gametes) rather than two diploid cells as in mitosis.

33. Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Meiosis I
Meiosis I includes prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I.
Crossing-over, which is when portions of homologous chromosomes exchange genetics material, occurs during prophase I and results in genetic recombination.

34. Tetrads and Crossing-over of Genetic Material
Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Tetrads and Crossing-over of Genetic Material

35. Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Meiosis II
Meiosis II includes prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, and telophase II.
Four new haploid cells result.

36. Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Stages of Meiosis

37. Stages of Meiosis, continued
Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Stages of Meiosis, continued

38. Comparing Meiosis and Mitosis
Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Comparing Meiosis and Mitosis

39. Development of Gametes
Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Development of Gametes
Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm cells are produced.
Oogenesis is the process that produces mature egg cells.

40. Meiosis in Male and Female Animals
Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Meiosis in Male and Female Animals

41. Chapter 8 Sexual Reproduction
Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Sexual Reproduction
Sexual reproduction is the formation of offspring through meiosis and the union of a sperm and an egg.
Offspring produced by sexual reproduction are genetically different from the parents.

42. Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Sexual Reproduction

43. Chapter 8 Multiple Choice
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following statements about prokaryotic chromosomes is true?
A. Prokaryotes have at least two chromosomes.
B. Prokaryotic chromosomes consist of a circular DNA molecule.
C. Prokaryotic chromosomes include histone and nonhistone proteins.
D. Prokaryotic chromosomes are made of DNA wrapped tightly around histone proteins.

44. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 8
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. Which of the following statements about prokaryotic chromosomes is true?
A. Prokaryotes have at least two chromosomes.
B. Prokaryotic chromosomes consist of a circular DNA molecule.
C. Prokaryotic chromosomes include histone and nonhistone proteins.
D. Prokaryotic chromosomes are made of DNA wrapped tightly around histone proteins.

45. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 8
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Crossing-over occurs during which process?
F. mitosis
G. meiosis I
H. meiosis II
J. interphase

46. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 8
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Crossing-over occurs during which process?
F. mitosis
G. meiosis I
H. meiosis II
J. interphase

47. Multiple Choice, continued
Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 8
Multiple Choice, continued
The graph below shows
the relative mass of DNA and chromosome number
for a cell undergoing mitosis. Use the graph to answer
the questions that follow.
3. In which phase of mitosis do chromatids separate and become individual chromosomes?
A. prophase
B. metaphase
C. anaphase
D. telophase/cytokinesis

48. Multiple Choice, continued
Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 8
Multiple Choice, continued
The graph below shows
the relative mass of DNA and chromosome number
for a cell undergoing mitosis. Use the graph to answer
the questions that follow.
3. In which phase of mitosis do chromatids separate and become individual chromosomes?
A. prophase
B. metaphase
C. anaphase
D. telophase/cytokinesis

49. Multiple Choice, continued
Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 8
Multiple Choice, continued
The graph below shows
the relative mass of DNA and chromosome number
for a cell undergoing mitosis. Use the graph to answer
the questions that follow.
4. What process occurs that leads to the decrease in the cell’s DNA mass?
F. prophase
G. metaphase
H. anaphase
J. telophase/cytokinesis

50. Multiple Choice, continued
Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 8
Multiple Choice, continued
The graph below shows
the relative mass of DNA and chromosome number
for a cell undergoing mitosis. Use the graph to answer
the questions that follow.
4. What process occurs that leads to the decrease in the cell’s DNA mass?
F. prophase
G. metaphase
H. anaphase
J. telophase/cytokinesis

51. Multiple Choice, continued
Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 8
Multiple Choice, continued
5. prokaryote : binary fission :: eukaryote :
A. mitosis
B. cytokinesis
C. crossing-over
D. genetic recombination

52. Multiple Choice, continued
Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 8
Multiple Choice, continued
5. prokaryote : binary fission :: eukaryote :
A. mitosis
B. cytokinesis
C. crossing-over
D. genetic recombination

53. Multiple Choice, continued
Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 8
Multiple Choice, continued
The diagram below
shows a model of cell division. Use the diagram to
answer the question that follows.
6. Which type of cell division is shown in the diagram?
F. mitosis
G. meiosis
H. binary fission
J. sexual reproduction

54. Multiple Choice, continued
Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 8
Multiple Choice, continued
The diagram below
shows a model of cell division. Use the diagram to
answer the question that follows.
6. Which type of cell division is shown in the diagram?
F. mitosis
G. meiosis
H. binary fission
J. sexual reproduction

55. Chapter 8 Short Response
Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 8
Short Response
Human cells are either diploid or haploid. All human cells with 46 chromosomes are diploid.
Would a human cell with any 23 chromosomes be
haploid? Explain your answer.

56. Short Response, continued
Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 8
Short Response, continued
Human cells are either diploid or haploid. All human cells with 46 chromosomes are diploid.
Would a human cell with any 23 chromosomes be
haploid? Explain your answer.
Answer:
No, a haploid cell has one complete set of chromosomes, which in the case of humans is 23. Randomly having 23 chromosomes would not be considered haploid.

57. Chapter 8 Extended Response
Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 8
Extended Response
For a cell to function efficiently, its surface area must
exceed that of its volume.
Part A Explain how cell division maintains the relationship between surface area and volume.
Part B How does a stable ratio between surface
area and volume help maintain proper cell
functioning?

58. Extended Response, continued
Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 8
Extended Response, continued
Answer:
Part A The smaller the cell, the greater is the ratio of surface area to volume. Cell division makes one larger cell into two smaller cells.
Part B By having a stable ratio between surface area and volume, cells are able to maintain homeostasis by taking in and getting rid of substances efficiently through osmosis and diffusion.

59. Cell Division in Prokaryotes
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Cell Division in Prokaryotes